Organic Nanoprobes for Fluorescence and ¹⁹F Magnetic Resonance Dual‐Modality Imaging

Abstract

Multimodal imaging techniques have been demonstrated to be greatly advantageous in achieving accurate diagnosis and gained increasing attention in recent decades. Herein, we present a new strategy to integrate the complementary modalities of 19

Controlled aggregation of amphiphilic aggregation‐induced emission polycation and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as fluorescence/magnetic resonance imaging probes

“…Recently, a special fluorescent system with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristic has been discovered by Tang's group and widely applied to various biomedical fields . Up to now, All MRI probes used in AIE‐based dual‐mode imaging are Gd chelates, a T 1 contrast agent . Although Gd chelates dominate the main market of MRI contrast agents, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has given the highest black box warning of this agent for causing nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with kidney disfunctions .…”

Biomedical Applications of Fluorescent and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Dual‐Modality Probes

“…This agent, with the advantages of excellent biocompatibility and aqueous solubility, has great potential for real‐time dual‐modality FI and 19 F MRI . Another strategy to regulate the water solubility of FI and 19 F MRI dual‐modality probe is to combine the hydrophobic tetraphenylethylene core with a hydrophilic fluorinated polymer shell by using click chemistry in a multifunctional polymer nanoprobe . The desirable aggregation‐induced emission capability of the tetraphenylethylene‐based compound and excellent responsive behavior of polymer for 19 F NMR spectroscopy were integrated into a biocompatible nanoplatform, which might provide more accurate imaging signals due to the complementary imaging modalities …”

“…As another ideal scaffold, mesoporous silica NPs have also attracted considerable attention through integrating imaging tags for developing imaging probes, owing to their high chemical stability, excellent biocompatibility, surface versatility, and precisely defined nanoporosity . In addition, polymers also usually serve as a scaffold for the encapsulation of fluorophore and magnetic moieties . The encapsulation of materials by polymers can effectively reduce their toxicity, improve their biocompatibility, and obscure detection by the human immune system, thereby increasing the half‐life in blood circulation …”

“…[63] Another strategy to regulate the water solubility of FI and 19 FM RI dual-modality probe is to combinet he hydrophobic tetraphenylethylene core with ah ydrophilic fluorinated polymer shell by using click chemistry in am ultifunctional polymer nanoprobe. [64] The desirable aggregation-induced emission capability of the tetraphenylethylene-based compound and excellent responsive behavior of polymer for 19 FNMR spectroscopyw ere integrated into ab iocompatible nanoplatform, which might provide more accurate imaging signals due to the complementary imaging modalities. [64] Although the construction of most dual-modality probes is a simplec ombination of reporter units, such as fluorescence dyes or MRI CAs,d ual-modality probes that are accompanied by the dual signal increasea re rarely reported.…”

“…[64] The desirable aggregation-induced emission capability of the tetraphenylethylene-based compound and excellent responsive behavior of polymer for 19 FNMR spectroscopyw ere integrated into ab iocompatible nanoplatform, which might provide more accurate imaging signals due to the complementary imaging modalities. [64] Although the construction of most dual-modality probes is a simplec ombination of reporter units, such as fluorescence dyes or MRI CAs,d ual-modality probes that are accompanied by the dual signal increasea re rarely reported. [6] Based on a paramagnetic relaxation enhancement effect, an ovel bifunctional probe,G d-DOTA-DEVD-AFC (AFC:7 -amino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin), was successfully appliedt od etect the activity of caspase-3 by simultaneous signal enhancement of FI and 19 FM RI (Figure 3).…”