“…Various techniques have been used for metal elimination and water purification such as coagulation, flocculation ( Sher et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2023 ), anion-exchange separation ( Li et al, 2021 ), membrane filtration, ultrafiltration ( Jiang et al, 2023 ), chemical treatment, electro-dialysis, photocatalysis ( Suresh, et al, 2023 ), reverse osmosis, and ozonation ( Rout et al, 2021 ), and biological processes ( Deng et al, 2021 ) such as microalgae cultivation with the membrane separation process ( Mat Aron et al, 2021 ), bioremediation with energy production ( Khoo et al, 2021 ), and adsorption ( Esmaeili Bidhendi et al, 2023 ). Among all, the adsorption process is considered preferable over many other techniques due to its simple design, no sludge formation, process suitability, and low cost ( Srivastava et al, 2020 ; Rajabi et al, 2023 ).…”