Organic–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers: types, characteristics, and future prospects

Abstract

Organic–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers, a newly developed class of flower-like hybrid nanoparticles, have received much attention due to their simple synthesis, high efficiency, and enzyme stabilizing ability. This article covers, in detail, the types, structural features, mechanism of formation, and bio-related applications of hybrid nanoflowers. The five major types of hybrid nanoflowers are discussed, i.e., copper–protein, calcium–protein, and manganese–protein hybrid nanoflowers, copper–DNA hybrid nanoflowers, and capsular hybrid nanoflowers. The structural features of these nanoflowers, such as size, shape, and protein ratio generally determine their applications. Thus, the specific characteristics of hybrid nanoflowers are summarized in this review. The interfacial mechanism of nanoflower formation is examined in three steps: first, combination of metal ion and organic matter; second, formation of petals; third, growth of nanoflowers. The explanations provided herein can be utilized in the development of innovative approaches for the synthesis of hybrid nanoflowers for prospective development of a plethora of hybrid nanoflowers. The future prospects of hybrid nanoflowers in the biotechnology industry, medicine, sensing, and catalysis are also discussed.

Magnetic Nanoparticles‐Embedded Enzyme‐Inorganic Hybrid Nanoflowers with Enhanced Peroxidase‐Like Activity and Substrate Channeling for Glucose Biosensing

“…Organic–inorganic hybrid nanostructures with flower‐like morphology, termed nanoflowers, have received an increasing attention owing to their capability to greatly enhance the activity, stability, and durability of entrapped organic biomolecules . Biomolecules, such as proteins or DNAs containing nitrogen atoms in their amide or amine groups, were suggested to form complexes with inorganic metal ions such as copper, zinc, cobalt, and manganese via coordination interactions, which drive nucleation of primary metal phosphate crystals and concomitant anisotropic growth to form highly branched, multilayered flower‐like structures .…”

Recent Advances in Enzyme-Nanostructure Biocatalysts with Enhanced Activity

“…Nanobiocatalysts with increased enzyme activity can be obtained via either covalent binding, adsorption, entrapment, or encapsulation [5,6,14,15]. The structure of nanoscale supports, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, microspheres, metal-organic frameworks, and nanoflowers, has also drawn extensive attention in recent years [5,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. A great deal of effort has also been made to design nanostructured supports with a variety of components including noble metal (e.g.…”

“…This review provides a comprehensive description of recent advances in the field of nanobiocatalysts, with systematic elaboration of the underlying mechanisms of activity enhancement, including metal ion activation, electron transfer, morphology effects, mass transfer limitations, and conformation changes. The nanobiocatalysts highlighted here are expected to provide an insight into enzyme-nanostructure interaction, and provide a guideline for future design of high-efficiency nanobiocatalysts in both fundamental research and practical applications.Catalysts 2020, 10, 338 2 of 15 nanoscale supports, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, microspheres, metal-organic frameworks, and nanoflowers, has also drawn extensive attention in recent years [5,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. A great deal of effort has also been made to design nanostructured supports with a variety of components including noble metal (e.g., Au) [23,24], metal oxides (e.g., Cu 2 O, Fe 3 O 4 , SiO 2 , Ti 8 O 15 , alumina) [16,25-33], polymer (e.g., Cu 2+ /PAA/PPEGA matrix, aldehyde-derived Pluronic polymer, polycaprolactone) [34-36], metal-organic frameworks (e.g., zeolitic imidazolate framework) [37-39], carbon based (e.g., carbon dots, carbon nanotubes) [40-44], and complex compounds (e.g., Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ·3H 2 O, Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ·8H 2 O, Mn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , Ca 8 H 2 (PO 4 ) 6 , Cu 4 (OH) 6 )SO 4 , CaHPO 4 , Zn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , Mg-Al layered double hydroxide, CdSe/ZnS quantum dots) [17,[45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59].…”

Synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers using Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract and investigation of their anti-microbial activity

“…Various hybrid nanostructures with different morphologies are commonly used in the fields of health care, cosmetic, biomedical, food, environment, health, medicine and biosensor (Ahmed et al, 2016;Lee et al, 2015). These hybrid nanostructures have been developed by conventional synthesis techniques which are expensive and toxic.…”