Organic enrichment of sediments from salmon farming in Norway: environmental factors, management practices, and monitoring techniques

Carroll, Michael L.; Cochrane, Sabine; Fieler, Reinhold; Velvin, Roger; White, Patrick

doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00475-7

Cited by 186 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Periodic abandonment is one of the best management tools for sustainable fish farming (Carroll et al 2003). Macleod et al (2006) reported that short-term fallowing of marine cages could be used as a strategy for the management of recurring organic enrichment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment effects of cage culture on nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in relation to fallowing in a shallow lake in China

Li-wei

Xie

et al. 2008

Aquacult Int

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Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in relation to fallowing in a fish cage farm was investigated in a shallow lake in China. Four sampling sites were set: beneath the cages, at the cage sides, and 50 and 100 m east of the cage farm. Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in lake water and sediment were analyzed during a 2-year rearing cycle. The cage culture had a fish yield of 16.3-39.2 tonnes in the study period. Based on the mass balance equation, 1533-3084 kg TN and 339-697 kg TP were contributed to the lake environment. Nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations showed greater increase in the first culture period than in the second rearing cycle. No obvious changes were found at the sampling sites 50 and 100 m east of the cages during the study periods. Main impacts were found close to the cages (beneath the cages and at the cage side); the sampling points at the cage side showed relatively high TN and TP sedimentation. After 3 months of fallowing, water TN and TP decreased significantly but the sediment TN and TP contents remained high. Therefore, recovery seems to happen during fallowing but attention should be paid to whether the culture continues to operate in the future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment effects of cage culture on nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in relation to fallowing in a shallow lake in China

Li-wei

Xie

et al. 2008

Aquacult Int

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“…Therefore, the composition, diversity, abundance and biomass of macro-and megabenthic benthic communities have often been used as sensitive indicators of natural decadal-scale environmental change (e.g., Reise and Schubert 1987;Kröncke 1995;Kröncke et al 1998Kröncke et al , 2001Tunberg and Nelson 1998;Gröger and Rumohr 2006) and of the ecological impacts of human activities like fishing and eutrophication (e.g., Pearson and Rosenberg 1978;Underwood 1996;Pearson and Mannvik 1998;Beukema et al 2002;Carroll et al 2003;Kaiser et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and composition of the epibenthic megafauna north of Svalbard (Arctic)

Sswat

Gulliksen

Menn³

et al. 2015

Polar Biol

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Benthic communities north of Svalbard are less investigated than in other Arctic shelf regions, as this area was covered by sea-ice during most of the year. Improving our knowledge on this region is timely, however, since climate change is strongly evident there, particularly with regard to the extent of sea-ice decline and its huge ecological impact on all marine biota, including the benthos. Moreover, longer ice-free periods will certainly lead to an increase in human activity levels in the area, including bottom trawling. In two adjacent shelf and slope regions off northern Svalbard, we studied the composition of epibenthic megafauna and seafloor habitat structures by analyzing seabed images taken with both still and video cameras. In addition, we also used an Agassiz trawl to catch epibenthic organisms for ground-truthing seabedimage information. A wide variety of mostly sessile organisms 141 epibenthic taxa were identified in the images. The brittle star Ophiura sarsii and the soft coral Gersemia rubiformis were the most common species. At all stations [300 m in depth, evidence of trawling activities was detected at the seabed. The distribution of the benthic fauna in the study area exhibited a clear depth zonation, mainly reflecting depth-related differences in seabed composition. We conclude that natural factors determining the composition of the seafloor mostly affect the distribution and composition of epibenthic assemblages. Anthropogenic impact indicated by the trawl scours found is likely also important at smaller spatial scales.

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“…During intensive production of salmon in open cages, the discharges of organic wastes such as faeces and uneaten feed and inorganic nutrients such as ammonium (NH 4 + ) and phosphate ) are released directly into the environment and may cause negative ecological effects on the surrounding waters (Merceron et al 2002, Carroll et al 2003, Cheshuk et al 2003, Skogen et al 2009, MacDonald et al 2011. Particulate organic matter may accumulate in the sediments and cause changes in the benthic ecosystem (Carroll et al 2003, Stigebrandt et al 2004, Kutti et al 2007.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical composition and release rate of waste discharge from an Atlantic salmon farm with an evaluation of IMTA feasibility

Wang¹,

Andresen²,

Handå³

et al. 2013

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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The carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) compositions of salmon feed, fish and faeces were studied at a salmon farm in Badstuvika (63°31' N, 9°9' E) in central Norway. These data were used to estimate the release rates of wastes from 2 salmon cages and the qualities of particulate wastes as food resources for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA). About 38% of feed C, 43% of feed N and 24% of feed P were retained as fish biomass. About 62% of feed C, 57% of feed N and 76% of feed P were lost into the environment. Around 40% of feed C was respired as CO 2 , and 39% of feed N and 24% of feed P were excreted as dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. About 19% of feed C, 15% of feed N and 44% of feed P were released as particles. The chemical composition of feed was independent of time (p > 0.05). The faecal C content increased with increasing fish weight (r 2 = 0.14, p < 0.05); however, other faecal chemical components showed no apparent relationships with fish weight (p > 0.05). Our results suggested that P digestibility of feed may be 30%, but more information is still needed to reach conclusions on this. The C content of faeces was 70% of that of feed and the N content of faeces was 50% of that of feed. The P content was far higher than that of feed. The lipid, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid contents of faeces were comparable to those of some phytoplankton species. The results suggested that both feed and faeces are adequate food for blue mussels and sea cucumbers co-cultured with salmon, and the nutrient content may meet their nutritional requirements.

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Organic enrichment of sediments from salmon farming in Norway: environmental factors, management practices, and monitoring techniques

Cited by 186 publications

References 14 publications

Assessment effects of cage culture on nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in relation to fallowing in a shallow lake in China

Assessment effects of cage culture on nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in relation to fallowing in a shallow lake in China

Distribution and composition of the epibenthic megafauna north of Svalbard (Arctic)

Chemical composition and release rate of waste discharge from an Atlantic salmon farm with an evaluation of IMTA feasibility

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