Organic Electrochemistry. An Introduction and A Guide

Baizer, Manuel M.; Stocker, Jack H.

doi:10.1149/1.2402369

Cited by 74 publications

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“…This behavior is indicative of multiple electron transfer sequence in which the product of charge transfer undergoes a chemical reaction yielding an electrochemically active specie more readily reduced than the parent compound. 24,25 The occurrence of a small peak at less negative potential (I c ) is seen at acidic conditions, which intensity is always very small and disappear at pH 6.0, as shown Figure 2a. At very acidic condition (HCl/KCl pH 2.2), the main reduction process is followed by two other peaks at very negative potential (III c = -0.9V and IV c = -1.0V), as shown Figure 4.…”

Section: Voltammetric Behavior Of the Rb4 Dyementioning

confidence: 82%

“…The results described above, together with electrochemical information on other similar compounds, 1,16,24 allow us to attribute the first reduction process of RB4 dye to the reduction of the anthraquinone group that occurs in one single step at neutral and acidic conditions and two reduction steps at alkaline conditions. The reduction of reactive group is observed only at pH 2.…”

Section: Reduction Of Rb4 Dyementioning

confidence: 86%

“…An inter or intra molecular rearrangement involving amino group close to carbonyl group present in anthraquinone group could be responsible for reduction of the quinone group in a protonated form even in alkaline medium. 24 At pH > 8.0, the second wave presents a relationship where the peak potential (II) is independent of pH suggesting the Vol. 15, No.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Decolourization of anthraquinone reactive dye by electrochemical reduction on reticulated glassy carbon electrode

Carneiro

Boralle

Stradiotto

et al. 2004

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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A remoção do corante reativo Reactive Blue 4 (RB4) por redução eletroquímica em solução aquosa foi investigada sobre eletrodo de carbono vítreo reticulado. O grupo antraquinona presente no corante RB4 é reduzido em pH < 8,0 em uma única etapa a hidroquinona, segundo um processo reversível de dois elétrons e reação de pré-protonação, via geração de um radical semiquinona detectado espectrotométricamente. Em pH > 8,0, ambas as formas não e pré-protonada da antraquinona são reduzidas em duas etapas reversíveis de dois elétrons. Após 3 horas de eletrólise em meio ácido e neutro o corante perde 60% de sua coloração, enquanto que em meio alcalino perde apenas 37%. Simultaneamente, 64% de remoção de carbono orgânico total foi obtida após eletrólise em meio ácido de pH 2,0.The electrochemistry reduction for the removal of Reactive Blue 4 (RB4) dye from aqueous solution using reticulated glassy carbon electrode is investigated. At pH < 8.0 the anthraquinone group of the RB4 dye are reduced in one cathodic step to hidroquinone after a reversible two-electron process involving a precedent two protons reaction. A stable semiquinone is detected by spectrophotometric technique. At pH > 8.0 the reduction process involves two reversible 2-electron steps, whose species are generated by a protonation equilibrium of anthraquinone group. The results shows that 60% of color removal was obtained after 3 hours of RB4 dye electrolysis at acidic and neutral conditions and only 37% at alkaline conditions. Simultaneously 64% of total organic carbon was removed after electrolysis at pH 2.0.Keywords: reactive dyes, electrochemical reduction, dye treatment, reactive blue 4 IntroductionReactive dyes are the main group of dyes used in the textile industry.1 They are very effective in fabric dyeing due to the reactive groups capable of forming covalent bonds with a hydroxyl or amino group on the fiber. Inefficiencies in the dyeing process results in 10-15% of all dyestuff being lost directly to wastewater.2 Therefore, their crescent world consumption has attracted the critical attention of the public and the authorities with respect to the toxicological and environmental aspects of the reactive dyes. 3,4 Dye wastewater is usually treated by physical or chemical treatment process. They include physicalchemical flocculation, electroflotation, membranefiltration, electrokinetic coagulation, ion-exchange, irradiation, precipitation and other treatment using activated carbon. 5 Over the past few years, alternative methods 6-10 for dye treatment have been investigated, including chemical oxidation with reagents such as: ozone, hydrogen peroxide, ozone/UV, hydrogen peroxide/UV and Fenton's reagent [hydrogen peroxide + Fe (II)]. The application of electrochemical oxidation with or without UV light as method for dye degradation have also been investigated, [11][12][13][14][15] but no mechanisms of the reduction were discussed. [16][17][18][19] Most of the electrochemical studies involving reduction of reactive dyes are based on mercury electrode [16][17...

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Section: Voltammetric Behavior Of the Rb4 Dyementioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Reduction Of Rb4 Dyementioning

confidence: 86%

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Decolourization of anthraquinone reactive dye by electrochemical reduction on reticulated glassy carbon electrode

Carneiro

Boralle

Stradiotto

et al. 2004

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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“…To simplify the further discussions we will call the products of the first and the second reaction steps the radical and the dianion. The formation of two pairs of peaks is typical for quinones in nonaqueous solvents and the reaction seems to be of the classical EE type [17]. The difference between AQ and (AQNet) 3 N is that that the peak potentials for the anthraquinone derivative are more negative.…”

Section: Voltammetry With Excess Supporting Electrolytementioning

confidence: 98%

Supramolecular Derivatives of 9,10‐Anthraquinone. Electrochemistry at Regular‐ and Low Ionic Strength and Complexing Properties

et al. 2003

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Three newly synthesized polyanthraquinone derivatives: 7,13-bis(9,10-dioxo-1-anthryl)-1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane, (AQ)A 2 15C5, 7,16-bis(9,10-dioxo-1-anthryl)-1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane, (AQ)A 2 18C6, and tris[(9,10-diokso-1-antryl)-aminoethyl]amine, (AQNet) 3 N, were examined by cyclic and normal pulse voltammetry. All anthraquinone groups in these compounds were electroactive and formed the radicals and dianions similarly to simple anthraquinone. The differences between the voltammograms obtained in the absence and presence of supporting electrolyte are discussed, and the diffusion coefficients of the compounds and the rates of the chemical reactions following the first reduction step were evaluated. (AQNet) 3 N appears to be a good model compound for multi electron transfers in aprotic solvents. It offers two consecutive nearly reversible 3-electron redox systems: 0/À 3 and À 3/À 6. The interactions of the radicals and dianions of the above compounds with alkali metal cations were examined.

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“…In this way, detections of primary intermediates typically radical anions, cations and their reactions could be performed. Applications of techniques related to cyclic voltammetry published in 1960s and 1970s had resulted in illumination of kinetics and mechanisms of organic electrochemical processes [8]. Organic electrochemistry had undergone a revolution after 1960s.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organic Electrochemistry. An Introduction and A Guide

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Cited by 74 publications

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Decolourization of anthraquinone reactive dye by electrochemical reduction on reticulated glassy carbon electrode

Decolourization of anthraquinone reactive dye by electrochemical reduction on reticulated glassy carbon electrode

Supramolecular Derivatives of 9,10‐Anthraquinone. Electrochemistry at Regular‐ and Low Ionic Strength and Complexing Properties

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