Organic electrochemical transistors

Rivnay, Jonathan; Inal, Sahika; Salleo, Alberto; Owens, Róisín M.; Berggren, Magnus; Malliaras, George G.

doi:10.1038/natrevmats.2017.86

Cited by 1,381 publications

(1,663 citation statements)

References 184 publications

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“…[42] As such, the state-retention times of electrochemical neuromorphic organic devices (ENODes) have thus far remained relatively short (<1 min). [46,47] Using the insights from this study, we confirm and mitigate the underlying degradation mechanisms by device encapsulation to demonstrate an order of magnitude improvement in ENODe state retention (from <1 min to ≈10 min), reduce cycling instability to <0.15%, and achieve long-term device stability of >30 days.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Mechanisms for Enhanced State Retention and Stability in Redox‐Gated Organic Neuromorphic Devices

Keene

Melianas

Burgt

et al. 2018

Adv Elect Materials

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units (GPUs) and >1000 central processing units (CPUs) for some of the highest performance demonstrations. [4] In order to approach the massively parallel and energy efficient operation of the brain (≈25 W), [7] neuromorphic computing architectures have been proposed which utilize physical processes in materials to emulate synaptic behavior. [8][9][10] Among these, resistive memory (memristive) devices [11,12] have gained traction as a highly suitable option, offering projected efficiency gains of up to 10 6 over von Neumann architectures when implementing ANN algorithms. [13,14] Efficiency gains originate from parallel computation and scale with array size (N) [15] : an N × N sized neuromorphic array can simultaneously perform N 2 operations using Ohm's and Kirchoff's laws (multiply and accumulate, respectively), whereas GPUs can perform only N operations simultaneously.Nonvolatile memristive devices such as phase change memory (PCM) and resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) have been proposed for use as nonvolatile artificial synapses due to their ability to tune the resistance state by applied voltage pulses. [16][17][18] By arranging these devices in a crossbar array architecture, vector-matrix multiplication (VMM) can be performed in an analog fashion where the input vector is represented by voltages, the operator matrix is represented by the conductance of each memristive element, and the output vector is represented by currents. These crossbar arrays have recently been implemented in a dot-product engine which uses VMM operations to classify handwritten digits with ≈90% accuracy. [19] However, this demonstration requires a timeconsuming feedback programming scheme which reduces the parallelism of the write operation to the array and ultimately its overall efficiency.Recently, electrochemical nonvolatile redox memory (NVRM) devices [20,21] have emerged as an ideal candidate for neuromorphic arrays as they decouple read and write operations, thereby allowing for low-energy programming and accurately tunable conductance states while potentially avoiding the time-voltage dilemma. [22,23] Furthermore, organic materials are an attractive alternative to conventional resistive memory due to their linearly tunable conductance, [22] biocompatibility, [24] and unique switching mechanisms which significantly differ from their inorganic counterparts. [25][26][27][28][29][30] In particular, there has been interest in mixed ionic-electronic conductors, Recent breakthroughs in artificial neural networks (ANNs) have spurred interest in efficient computational paradigms where the energy and time costs for training and inference are reduced. One promising contender for efficient ANN implementation is crossbar arrays of resistive memory elements that emulate the synaptic strength between neurons within the ANN. Organic nonvolatile redox memory has recently been demonstrated as a promising device for neuromorphic computing, offering a continuous range of linearly programmable resistance states and tunable electronic and elect...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Mechanisms for Enhanced State Retention and Stability in Redox‐Gated Organic Neuromorphic Devices

Keene

Melianas

Burgt

et al. 2018

Adv Elect Materials

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“…Grau et al demonstrated roll-to-roll printing of polymer TFTs on kaolin-coated packaging paper. One possibility to reduce the operating voltage of organic TFTs and circuits is the use of electrolyte-gated or electrochemical TFTs, [7,10,21] while electrolyte-gated and electrochemical TFTs can provide very large transconductances at very low operating voltages, [22] they usually suffer from large signal delays, as they involve the inherently slow movement of ions. One possibility to reduce the operating voltage of organic TFTs and circuits is the use of electrolyte-gated or electrochemical TFTs, [7,10,21] while electrolyte-gated and electrochemical TFTs can provide very large transconductances at very low operating voltages, [22] they usually suffer from large signal delays, as they involve the inherently slow movement of ions.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/aelm201800453mentioning

confidence: 99%

Low‐Voltage, High‐Frequency Organic Transistors and Unipolar and Complementary Ring Oscillators on Paper

Kraft

Zaki

Letzkus

et al. 2018

Adv Elect Materials

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Paper substrates for flexible, mobile, and disposable electronic applications draw academic and commercial attention due to their many advantages, such as cost efficiency, low weight, mechanical flexibility, and environmental compatibility. For portable electronic applications, it is important that the electronic devices and circuits can be operated with voltages of a few volts, due to the limitations of mobile power supplies, such as solar cells or energy harvesting devices. Here, low‐voltage organic p‐channel and n‐channel transistors as well as unipolar and complementary ring oscillators are fabricated directly on the surface of a banknote. It is demonstrated that low‐power organic integrated circuits on paper substrates can be operated with supply voltages of less than 3 V and with frequencies of several hundred kilohertz. These results emphasize the prospects of organic transistors for smart paper applications.

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“…OECTs are three‐terminal devices in which a conjugated polymer thin‐film channel is patterned between two metal electrodes (drain and source) ( Figure a). The channel is in contact with an electrolyte in which an electrode (gate) is immersed . A voltage in the gate ( V G ) controls the doping state of the channel material, while the conductance of the channel is probed by measuring the drain current ( I D ) when applying a bias between the drain and source ( V D ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balancing Ionic and Electronic Conduction for High‐Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Savva

Hallani

Cendra

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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Conjugated polymers that support mixed (electronic and ionic) conduction are in demand for applications spanning from bioelectronics to energy harvesting and storage. To design polymer mixed conductors for high‐performance electrochemical devices, relationships between the chemical structure, charge transport, and morphology must be established. A polymer series bearing the same p‐type conjugated backbone with increasing percentage of hydrophilic, ethylene glycol side chains is synthesized, and their performance in aqueous electrolyte gated organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) is studied. By using device physics principles and electrochemical analyses, a direct relationship is found between the OECT performance and the balanced mixed conduction. While hydrophilic side chains are required to facilitate ion transport—thus enabling OECT operation—swelling of the polymer is not de facto beneficial for balancing mixed conduction. It is shown that heterogeneous water uptake disrupts the electronic conductivity of the film, leading to OECTs with lower transconductance and slower response times. The combination of in situ electrochemical and structural techniques shown here contributes to the establishment of the structure–property relations necessary to improve the performance of polymer mixed conductors and subsequently of OECTs.

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Organic electrochemical transistors

Cited by 1,381 publications

References 184 publications

Mechanisms for Enhanced State Retention and Stability in Redox‐Gated Organic Neuromorphic Devices

Mechanisms for Enhanced State Retention and Stability in Redox‐Gated Organic Neuromorphic Devices

Low‐Voltage, High‐Frequency Organic Transistors and Unipolar and Complementary Ring Oscillators on Paper

Balancing Ionic and Electronic Conduction for High‐Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors

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