Organic compounds in the rainwater of Los Angeles

Kawamura, Kimitaka; Kaplan, I. R.

doi:10.1021/es00114a011

Cited by 162 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Kawamura et al (1986) identified benzoic acids in used engine oil and motor exhaust. Benzoic acids have been found in rainfall in Los Angeles and Norway (Lunde et al, 1977;Kawamura and Kaplan, 1983). 2-Fluoro-acetamide and acetic acids were the most abundant compounds in July and September.…”

Section: Factor Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While numerous studies have been conducted on the inorganic chemistry of rainwater, little attention has been paid to organic compounds. Kawamura et al (1983) initiated the identification and distribution of organic compounds in rainwater. The role of organic compounds in atmospheric processes has gained much attention in the last few years, and knowledge of organic compounds has improved with various analytical methods (Kieber et al, 2002;Seitzinger et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Confirming anthropogenic influences on the major organic and inorganic constituents of rainwater in an urban area

Chon

Kim

Bae

et al. 2015

Drink. Water Eng. Sci.

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Abstract.Recently, rainwater composition affected by atmospheric pollutants has been the topic of intense study in East Asia because of its adverse environmental and human health effects. In the present study, the chemical composition and organic compounds of rainwater were investigated from June to December 2012 at Gwangju in Korea. The aim of this study is to determine the seasonal variation of rainwater chemical composition and to identify possible sources of inorganic and organic compounds. The volumeweighted mean of pH ranged from 3.83 to 8.90 with an average of 5.78. Of rainwater samples, 50 % had pH values below 5.6. The volume-weighted mean concentration (VWMC) of major ions followed the orderThe VWMC of trace metals decreased in the order Zn > Al > Fe > Mn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd > Cr. The VWMCs of major ions and trace metals were higher in winter than in summer. The high enrichment factors indicate that Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd originated predominantly from anthropogenic sources. Factor analysis (principal component analysis) indicates the influence of anthropogenic pollutants, sea salt, and crustal materials on the chemical compositions of rainwater. Benzoic acids, 1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione, phthalic anhydride, benzene, acetic acids, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acids, benzonitrile, acetaldehyde, and acetamide were the most prominent pyrolysis fragments for rainwater organic compounds identified by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The results indicate that anthropogenic sources are the most important factors affecting the organic composition of rainwater in an urban area.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the Delft University of Technology.

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Section: Factor Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirming anthropogenic influences on the major organic and inorganic constituents of rainwater in an urban area

Chon

Kim

Bae

et al. 2015

Drink. Water Eng. Sci.

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“…Aliphatic dicarboxylic, acids found in the particulate matter are an important compound class due to their possible formation by chemical reaction in the atmosphere Seinfeld 1989, Rogge et al 1993e). Kawamura and Kaplan (1987) found that butenedioic related acids (methyl maleic, succinic, and malic acid) are the most frequent particulate dicarboxylic acids with origin in combus-36 CÉLIA A. ALVES tion engines. Rogge et al (1991) reported meat cooking as an emission source of C 4 -C 8 dicarboxylic acids, pointing out the importance of adipic acid (hexanedioic).…”

Section: And References Therein)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of solvent extractable organic constituents in atmospheric particulate matter: an overview

Alves

2008

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

112

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In spite of accounting for 10-70% of the atmospheric aerosol mass, particulate-phase organic compounds are not well characterised, and many aspects of aerosol formation and evolution are still unknown. The growing awareness of the impact of particulate aerosols on climate, and the incompletely recognised but serious effects of anthropogenic constituents on air quality and human health, have conducted to several scientific studies. These investigations have provided information about the behaviour of atmospheric particulate matter and the description of the character of its carbonaceous content. The compilation of such results is important as they append to the emergent global-wide dataset of the organic composition of atmospheric aerosols. The contribution of the major emission sources to regional particulate pollution can be diagnosed by using specific molecular markers. This overview is mainly focused on results obtained with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, since it is the analytical method of choice in elucidating the solvent-extractable organic compounds in atmospheric particulate matter. A synopsis of the selection of organic tracers and the application of geochemical parameters to the analysis of organic constituents as a tool for source apportionment is shown here. Besides the assessment of current knowledge, this paper also presents the identification of further areas of concern.

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“…In particular, they play an important role on physical-chemical reactions involving aerosol particles that may be gathered in agglomerates (submicron-sized), and represent an important component of the atmospheric aerosol particles, both in remote and urban areas (Rohrl and Lammel, 2001). Oxalic acid is the most abundant dicarboxylic acid in the tropospheric aerosol and comprises 41-67 % of the total diacids (Sorooshian et al, 2006;Kawamura and Keplan, 1983), whereas the succinic and malonic acids are less abundant and reach peaks of 4-8.7 % during the summer (Kawamura and Ikushima, 1993). Adipic and succinic acids have been identified in laboratory studies as SOA products (reaction of O 3 and cyclohexane; Hatakeyama et al, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The adipic acid is related to the emission of N 2 O, a greenhouse gas that causes stratospheric ozone depletion (US EPA, 2013), whereas the succinic acid probably originates from biogenic sources, and is an important compound in biochemistry due to its role in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). The azelaic acid is considered a photon-induced oxidation product, deriving from biogenic unsaturated fatty acids, presenting one or more double bond in their chain (Kawamura and Keplan, 1983). Succinic and oxalic acids had been proven to be part of the organic materials that contribute to form condensation nuclei of atmospheric clouds (Kerminen et al, 2000;Prenni et al, 2001), and it has been suggested that the ratio between oxalic and succinic acid is a good marker of the atmospheric aerosol oxidation state.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Piezoelectric crystal microbalance measurements of enthalpy of sublimation of C<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>9</sub> dicarboxylic acids

et al. 2016

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Abstract. We present here a novel experimental set-up that is able to measure the enthalpy of sublimation of a given compound by means of piezoelectric crystal microbalances (PCMs). The PCM sensors have already been used for space measurements, such as for the detection of organic and nonorganic volatile species and refractory materials in planetary environments. In Earth atmospherics applications, PCMs can be also used to obtain some physical-chemical processes concerning the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in atmospheric environments. The experimental set-up has been developed and tested on dicarboxylic acids. In this work, a temperature-controlled effusion cell was used to sublimate VOC, creating a molecular flux that was collimated onto a cold PCM. The VOC recondensed onto the PCM quartz crystal, allowing the determination of the deposition rate. From the measurements of deposition rates, it has been possible to infer the enthalpy of sublimation of adipic acid, i.e. H sub : 141.6 ± 0.8 kJ mol −1 , succinic acid, i.e. 113.3 ± 1.3 kJ mol −1 , oxalic acid, i.e. 62.5 ± 3.1 kJ mol −1 , and azelaic acid, i.e. 124.2 ± 1.2 kJ mol −1 . The results obtained show an accuracy of 1 % for succinic, adipic, and azelaic acid and within 5 % for oxalic acid and are in very good agreement with previous works (within 6 % for adipic, succinic, and oxalic acid and within 11 % or larger for azelaic acid).

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Organic compounds in the rainwater of Los Angeles

Cited by 162 publications

References 12 publications

Confirming anthropogenic influences on the major organic and inorganic constituents of rainwater in an urban area

Confirming anthropogenic influences on the major organic and inorganic constituents of rainwater in an urban area

Characterisation of solvent extractable organic constituents in atmospheric particulate matter: an overview

Piezoelectric crystal microbalance measurements of enthalpy of sublimation of C<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>9</sub> dicarboxylic acids

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Organic compounds in the rainwater of Los Angeles

Cited by 162 publications

References 12 publications

Confirming anthropogenic influences on the major organic and inorganic constituents of rainwater in an urban area

Confirming anthropogenic influences on the major organic and inorganic constituents of rainwater in an urban area

Characterisation of solvent extractable organic constituents in atmospheric particulate matter: an overview

Piezoelectric crystal microbalance measurements of enthalpy of sublimation of C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;–C&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt; dicarboxylic acids

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Piezoelectric crystal microbalance measurements of enthalpy of sublimation of C<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>9</sub> dicarboxylic acids