Organic Carbonates

Fibronectin Functionalized Electrospun Fibers by Using Benign Solvents: Best Way to Achieve Effective Functionalization

“…The use of the terms “benign solvents” is related to several topics and their applications are not restricted only to the electrospinning process. In fact, even though an official definition was not reported till now, benign solvents are mentioned for the chemical product design (Hada et al, 2013), roll-to-roll processing for flexible organic electronics (Roth et al, 2015) and synthesis of organic carbonates (Heyn, 2015). For most of those applications, the words “benign” and “green” are used as synonyms to identify solvents with the following characteristics: high boiling point, low vapor pressure, non-toxic, able to dissolve a great range of organic compounds, inexpensive and recyclable.…”

Engineered Chemical Utilization of CO2 to Methanol via Direct and Indirect Hydrogenation Pathways: A Review

“…Particularly, it is an alternative approach for the indirect CO 2 conversion to methanol via hydrogenation of carbonates (ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate). ,, Generally, ethylene carbonate can be produced by the phosgene method, halogenated alcohol method, transesterification of urea, and carbonylation of ethylene oxide with CO 2 . Among these routes, the production of ethylene carbonates from CO 2 and ethylene oxide is one of the successfully established and industrialized methods. , This production process provides 100% atom economy and is environmentally benign as it substitutes CO 2 for a highly toxic phosgene and is carried out under mild reaction conditions. , …”

“…The general reaction pathway for the formation of cyclic carbonates from CO 2 and epoxides is shown in eq b; however, the detailed reaction paths are system dependent. , First, epoxide is activated by the Lewis or Brønsted acid or electrophilic part (A + ) of the catalyst by interacting with the O atom of the epoxide. Then, the ring-opening action by the anion or the nucleophilic (X – ) portion of the catalyst, subsequently, inserts CO 2 into the cation–oxygen interaction to give a linear carbonate as the intermediate.…”

Electrocatalytic synthesis of organic carbonates

“…Another application of growing importance is as electrolyte solvent in lithium-ion batteries. 7 Industrially, DMC is produced via various routes, all of which are hazardous and energy-intensive due to the high temperatures and pressures required to drive the reactions. The most important commercial process to manufacture DMC is oxidative carbonylation of CH 3 OH with oxygen (R1).…”

“…They can also be used as fuel additives 6 and electrolyte solvents in lithium-ion batteries. 7 Moreover, their low toxicity and biodegradability make them useful intermediates for green chemistry applications. 8 Currently, the industrial synthesis of organic carbonates is environmentally stressing due to the use of toxic reactants (e.g.…”