Organic Bioelectronics

Berggren, Magnus; Richter‐Dahlfors, Agneta

doi:10.1002/adma.200700419

Cited by 601 publications

(528 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…[1][2] One example is organic electronic ion pumps, 15 which are able to precisely control the flow of ions between two reservoirs, and have been used to pump neurotransmitters and stimulate cochlear cells in the inner ear of a guinea pig. [3][4][5] Another example is organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) that are being developed for a variety of biosensing 20 applications, including the detection of ions, [6][7][8] metabolites (such as glucose 9 and lactate 10 ) and antibodies.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The experiments involved placing a small amount (1.43 µl) of [P 1,4,4,4 ][Tos] that included the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx, 500 unit/ml) and the mediator ferrocene [bis (n5-35 cyclopentandienyl) iron] (Fc, 10 mM) on the centre of the device and allowing it to be accommodated in the hydrophilic virtual wells. Subsequently, 50 µl of glucose solution in PBS were added to the device and allowed to mix with the RTIL solution.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…It is important to note that, contrary to Fc, which dissolved in [P 1,4,4,4 ][Tos], GOx was present in a dispersed state in [P 1,4,4,4 ][Tos], and it dissolved only when the glucose solution 5 was added to the OECT. It is well known that the dissolution of enzymes in a RTIL can result in a change of the secondary and higher enzyme structure and causes the loss of enzyme activity.…”

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Electrochemical transistors with ionic liquids for enzymatic sensing

et al. 2010

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We report an enzymatic sensor based on an organic electrochemical transistor that uses a room temperature ionic liquid as an integral part of its structure and as an immobilization medium for the enzyme and the mediator. 10 Although conducting polymer electrodes have been used in biosensing and actuation for decades, recent developments in the field of organic electronics have made available a variety of devices that bring unique capabilities at the interface with biology. 1-2 One example is organic electronic ion pumps, 15 which are able to precisely control the flow of ions between two reservoirs, and have been used to pump neurotransmitters and stimulate cochlear cells in the inner ear of a guinea pig. [3][4][5] Another example is organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) that are being developed for a variety of biosensing 20 applications, including the detection of ions, 6-8 metabolites (such as glucose 9 and lactate 10 ) and antibodies. 11 Originally developed by Wrighton in the 80's, 12 OECTs consist of a conducting polymer film (channel of the transistor) in contact with an electrolyte. A gate electrode is 25 immersed in the electrolyte, while source and drain electrodes make contact to the channel and allow a measurement of its conductance. 13 A polymer that is commonly used in OECTs is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). In a typical experiment, a positive 30 potential is applied at the gate electrode, which causes cations from the electrolyte to enter the PEDOT:PSS film and dedope it, causing a decrease in its conductance. This manifests itself as a change in the current that flows between the source and drain electrodes. 13 35 OECTs exhibit a typical feature associated with transistors, namely a small current at the gate electrode can cause a large change in the current that flows in the channel, and as such it has been used to amplify biological signals. The gate electrode, for example, can be used as a "working electrode", 40 and the current that flows in it as a result of a redox reaction can be amplified by the OECT. This amplification manifests itself by the fact that the sensor's sensitivity increases with gate voltage, 14 and leads to devices that require very simple electronics for signal readout. Zhu et al. took advantage of 45 this fact to demonstrate a simple sensor for glucose in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). 9 The sensor consisted of a PEDOT:PSS OECT with a Pt gate electrode and with the redox enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) dissolved in the electrolyte (PBS). This work was extended to demonstrate 50 sensors that work down to the micromolar concentration range, 14 can be made entirely out of polymers by using an appropriate mediator, 15 and operate with other redox enzymes, allowing the development of multianalyte sensors. 10 In In this communication, we report an enzymatic sensor based on an OECT that uses a RTIL as an integral part of its structure. The strategy we follow involves patterning the 75 RTIL over the active area of ...

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Electrochemical transistors with ionic liquids for enzymatic sensing

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“…Such covalently bonded substituents may also make the resulting polymer self-doped, 14 meaning that the required counter ion during doping is a side group of the polymer chain itself. Since the first watersoluble conducting polymers 14,15 were reported, water-soluble PEDOT derivatives have been enabled for example through poly(4-(2,3-dihydrothieno [3,4-b]- [1,4]dioxin-2-yl-methoxy)-1-butanesulfonic acid, sodium salt (PEDOT-S). [16][17][18][19] We recently demonstrated human epithelial cell detachment using a PEDOT-S:H thin film.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polypyrrole (PPy) are two commonly utilized biocompatible 3,4 materials, that have been used for drug release, 5,6 stimulation of cells during growth and to transfer electronic signals to and from biological tissues. 7,8 Due to its superior (bio-)stability 9 and excellent conductivity 10 PEDOT has become the prime choice in bioelectronics.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electronic Control over Detachment of a Self-Doped Water-Soluble Conjugated Polyelectrolyte

Persson

Gabrielsson

Sawatdee³

et al. 2014

Langmuir

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Water-soluble conducting polymers are of interest to enable more versatile processing in aqueous media as well as to facilitate interactions with biomolecules. Here, we report a substituted poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) derivative (PEDOT-S:H) that is fully water-soluble and selfdoped. When electrochemically oxidizing a PEDOT-S:H thin film, the film detaches from the under-laying electrode. The oxidation of PEDOT-S:H starts with an initial phase of swelling followed by cracking before it finally disrupts into small flakes and detaches from the electrode.We investigated the detachment mechanism and found that parameters such as the size, charge and concentration of ions in the electrolyte, the temperature and also the pH influence the characteristics of detachment. When oxidizing PEDOT-S:H, the positively charged polymer backbone is balanced by anions from the electrolyte solution and also by the sulphonate groups 2 on the side chains (more self-doping). From our experiments, we conclude that detachment of the PEDOT-S:H film upon oxidation occurs in part due to swelling caused by an inflow of solvated anions and associated water, and in part due to chain rearrangements within the film, caused by more self-doping. We believe that PEDOT-S:H detachment can be of interest in a number of different applications, including addressed and active control of the release of materials such as biomolecules and cell cultures.

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Molecular Logic Gates

Szaciłowski

2012

Infochemistry

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Organic Bioelectronics

Cited by 601 publications

References 82 publications

Electrochemical transistors with ionic liquids for enzymatic sensing

Electrochemical transistors with ionic liquids for enzymatic sensing

Electronic Control over Detachment of a Self-Doped Water-Soluble Conjugated Polyelectrolyte

Molecular Logic Gates

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