Organic Acids as Alternatives for Antibiotic Growth Promoters Alter the Intestinal Structure and Microbiota and Improve the Growth Performance in Broilers

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of organic acids (OA) as alternatives for antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) on growth performance, intestinal structure, as well as intestinal microbial composition and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) profiles in broilers. A total of 336 newly hatched male Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly allocated into 3 dietary treatments including the basal diet [negative control (NC)], the basal diet supplemented with 5 mg/kg flavomycin, and the basal diet supplemented with OA feed additives. Each treatment had eight replicates with 14 birds each. The results showed that AGP and OA promoted growth during day 22–42 compared with the NC group (P < 0.05). OA significantly increased the jejunal goblet cell density and ileal villus height on day 42 compared with the NC group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, OA up-regulated the mRNA expression of jejunal barrier genes (Claudin-3 and ZO-1) relative to the NC group (P < 0.05). Significant changes of microbiota induced by the OA were also found on day 42 (P < 0.05). Several SCFAs-producing bacteria like Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae, and Peptococcaceae affiliated to the order Clostridiales were identified as biomarkers of the OA group. Higher concentrations of SCFAs including formic acid and butyric acid were observed in the cecum of OA group (P < 0.05). Simultaneously, the abundance of family Ruminococcaceae showed highly positive correlations with the body weight and mRNA level of ZO-1 on day 42 (P < 0.05). However, AGP supplementation had the higher mRNA expression of Claudin-2, lower goblet cell density of jejunum, and decreased Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, suggesting that AGP might have a negative impact on intestinal immune and microbiota homeostasis. In conclusion, the OA improved growth performance, intestinal morphology and barrier function in broilers, which might be attributed to the changes of intestinal microbiota, particularly the enrichment of SCFAs-producing bacteria, providing a more homeostatic and healthy intestinal microecology.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation With Mixed Organic Acids on Immune Function, Antioxidative Characteristics, Digestive Enzymes Activity, and Intestinal Health in Broiler Chickens

“…The previous study has demonstrated that dietary supplemented with mixed organic acid could improve performance ( 14 ), immune function ( 5 , 15 ), intestinal morphology as well as intestinal microbiota ( 10 , 16 ). Also, numerous scholars have illustrated the mechanism of MOA and summarized the benefits of MOA in livestock and poultry ( 4 , 17 ), especially in weaning pigs ( 7 , 8 ).…”

Changes in Growth Performance and Ileal Microbiota Composition by Xylanase Supplementation in Broilers Fed Wheat-Based Diets

“…In addition, higher abundance of genus Frisingicoccus, Eubacterium_hallii_group, and Ruminococcus was observed in xylanase un-supplemented broilers on day 21, and higher abundance of Peptococcaceae and Bacillaceae was shown in broilers from CON group on day 42. These bacteria belong to phylum Firmicutes; however, this phylum is thought to contribute to the production of SCFA (Dai et al, 2021). Supplementing xylanase could also decrease the abundance of family Propionibacteriaceae on day 21, and bacteria belonging to family Propionibacteriaceae could also promote the production of SCFA.…”

Butyric and Citric Acids and Their Salts in Poultry Nutrition: Effects on Gut Health and Intestinal Microbiota

“…However, their continued use in animal nutrition developed antibiotic resistance and drug residues, which resulted in global public health issues and exacerbating poverty in the 21st century [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. In this regard, organic acids are selected as a promising feed additive in poultry production due to their ability to maintain gut barrier cellular integrity, modulate intestinal microbiota, improve digestion and nutrient absorption rate and contribute to improved production performance [ 6 , 12 , 13 ]. BA as a short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and CA as a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) gained considerable attention as representative organic acids in poultry production.…”