Organic acids and thymol: unsuitable for alternative control of Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)?

Buchholz, Sven; Merkel, Katharina; Spiewok, Sebastian; Imdorf, Anton; Pettis, Jeffery S.; Westervelt, David; Ritter, W.; Duncan, Michael; Rosenkranz, Peter; Spooner-Hart, Robert; Neumann, Peter

doi:10.1007/s13592-011-0021-0

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Formic acid decreased the number of SHB larvae-infested areas on the combs, and acetic acid treatments showed higher SHB adult mortality compared to controls (Schäfer et al 2009). However, further evaluation of evaporating formic acid in field colonies did not significantly increase mortality in SHBs, and thus neither formic nor acetic acid treatments are suitable to control SHBs (Buchholz et al 2011). Kanga and Somorin (2011) assessed the susceptibility of SHBs to 14 selected insecticides and four insect growth regulators in the laboratory.…”

Section: Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quo vadis Aethina tumida? Biology and control of small hive beetles

Pettis²,

2016

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Small hive beetles (SHBs) are generalists native to sub-Saharan Africa and reproduce in association with honeybees, bumblebees, stingless bees, fruits and meat. The SHB has recently become an invasive species, and introductions have been recorded from America, Australia, Europe and Asia since 1996. While SHBs are usually considered a minor pest in Africa, they can cause significant damage to social bee colonies in their new ranges. Potential reasons for differential impact include differences in bee behaviour, climate and release from natural enemies. Here, we provide an overview on biology, distribution, pest status, diagnosis, control and prevention to foster adequate mitigation and stimulate future research. SHBs have become a global threat to both apiculture and wild bee populations, but our knowledge of this pest is still limited, creating demand for more research in all areas of its biology. Apis mellifera / Aethina tumida / bees / invasive species / small hive beetle

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Section: Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quo vadis Aethina tumida? Biology and control of small hive beetles

Pettis²,

2016

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“…Also the narrowing of hive entrances to repress beetle excess has been suggested (Ellis et al, 2003) although it could lead to increased temperatures in the hive. The use of organic acids has been shown to be effective in laboratory conditions (Schäfer et al, 2009) but not in field conditions (Buchholz et al, 2011). Nevertheless, at the moment, there is no veterinary treatment approved in the EU legislation to treat colonies for SHB but this could be made available via derogation (The cascade) of the current rule according to article 11 of Directive 2001/82/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as amended by Directive 2004/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council by the Member State veterinary services.…”

Section: Prevent Control or Reduce Infestation By The Pestmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…irradiation, freezing or heating) treatment to eradicate SHB (e.g. Elzen et al, 2002;Park et al, 2002;Hood, 2004;Mürrle et al, 2006;Levot andHaque, 2006a and2006b;Ellis and Delaplane, 2007;Buchholz et al, 2009;Schäfer et al, 2009;Cuthbertson et al, 2010;Buchholz et al, 2011). Killing of bees and destruction of the commodity is possible by implementation of this risk mitigation measure.…”

Section: Apply Any Treatment To Eradicate the Pestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small hive beetle diagnosis and risk management options

2015

EFSA Journal

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Visual inspection of a bee hive or commodity combined with the use of traps is recommended to screen for small hive beetle (SHB) presence. Any observation or result of a screening test suggesting the presence of SHB should be confirmed. Treatments like heating, freezing and/or irradiation can be applied to eradicate SHB from non‐living bee products and from used beekeeping equipment, but cannot be applied to living material as these will kill bees and brood along with the SHB. Prevention, control and/or reduction of an SHB infestation in a honey bee hive while keeping the bees and/or brood alive, could be achieved using mechanical control, chemical and biological treatments or applying good beekeeping practices. It is feasible and effective to conduct surveillance in SHB‐affected zones and control for pest freedom during transport of commodities and at the place of destination via internationally recognised systems of health certificates. This strongly depends on the delay between the health checks and the departure from the place of origin, because the free‐flying pest may infest the bees and/or products between these two steps if adequate precautions are not taken to avoid the infestation. If SHB has been detected very early after its arrival and is not yet widespread, it is recommended applying an eradication approach rigorously and immediately after SHB detection to prevent further spread of the pest since none of the available risk mitigation methods can be applied to fully control the pest outside of managed bee colonies and/or commodities. Implementation of all available methods to prevent, control and reduce SHB infestation is recommended when eradication is considered not to be a feasible option anymore in the considered zone. Screening for the presence of SHB in swarms and feral colonies will inform risk managers on the feasibility to eradicate the pest in the considered zone.

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“…For SHB Chemical treatments: e.g., acaricides, organophosphates, organic acids (Schäfer et al, 2009;Buchholz et al, 2011), bleach and fumigants (Elzen et al, 2002;Park et al, 2002;Hood, 2004;Levot and Haque, 2006a, b;Ellis and Delaplane, 2007;Cuthbertson et al, 2010). These could be used, for instance, in honey houses or in soil to kill the pupal stage (Hood, 2004;Levot and Haque, 2006a, b), but they are less effective in apiaries.…”

Section: Apply Any Treatment To Eradicate the Pestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risk of entry of Aethina tumida and Tropilaelaps spp. in the EU

2013

EFS2

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Small hive beetle (SHB) and Tropilaelaps are bee diseases considered exotic in the EU. SHB is a flying coleopteran that can be attracted to the odours of bees and bee products. In addition, SHB can survive and reproduce on a variety of ripe fruits. Tropilaelaps is an ectoparasite that does not survive long without honey bee brood and cannot fly by itself. The methodology used to assess the risk of entry of these pests in this scientific opinion was adapted from a pest risk assessment for entry used in the field of plant health. A qualitative risk assessment was performed taking into account current legislation but excluding the implementation of risk reduction options. This approach allowed the assessment of the worst case scenario for each risk factor. The risk pathways with a high risk of pest entry are 'import of bee products (use in apiculture)' for SHB and 'accidental import of bees' (unintended presence of bees in a non-bee consignment) for both pests. The other risk pathways are associated with a moderate or low risk of SHB or Tropilaelaps entry into the risk assessment area. Risk reduction options were assessed separately from the risk assessment. Examples of risk reduction options with a high effectiveness and a high technical feasibility are the use of health certificates to guarantee pest freedom of consignments and keeping consignments without honey bee brood. Options with a high effectiveness and technical feasibility were identified in all risk pathways except 'accidental import of bees' and 'dispersal of the pest via natural means and/or flight'. The AHAW Panel identified the need for validated rapid detection methods and for handling and sampling of imported bees in insect-proof environments. Education and training could help to monitor the pest distribution and to prevent pest entry by improving awareness, skills and expertise.

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Organic acids and thymol: unsuitable for alternative control of Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)?

Cited by 7 publications

References 40 publications

Quo vadis Aethina tumida? Biology and control of small hive beetles

Quo vadis Aethina tumida? Biology and control of small hive beetles

Small hive beetle diagnosis and risk management options

Scientific Opinion on the risk of entry of Aethina tumida and Tropilaelaps spp. in the EU

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