Organellar Glue: A Molecular Tool to Artificially Control Chloroplast–Chloroplast Interactions

Abstract

Organelles can physically interact to facilitate various cellular processes such as metabolite exchange. Artificially regulating these interactions represents a promising approach for synthetic biology. Here, we artificially controlled chloroplast−chloroplast interactions in living plant cells with our organelle glue (ORGL) technique, which is based on reconstitution of a split fluorescent protein. We simultaneously targeted N-terminal and C-terminal fragments of a fluorescent protein to the chloroplast outer envelope membrane or cytosol, respectively, which induced chloroplast−chloroplast interactions. The cytosolic Cterminal fragment likely functions as a bridge between two N-terminal fragments, thereby bringing the chloroplasts in close proximity to interact. We modulated the frequency of chloroplast−chloroplast interactions by altering the ratio of N-and C-terminal fragments. We conclude that the ORGL technique can successfully control chloroplast−chloroplast interactions in plants, providing a proof of concept for the artificial regulation of organelle interactions in living cells.

Regulations and Factors Affecting of Light Emitting Diodes Artificial Light in Crop Production under Soilless Culture

“…The photoreceptor phytochrome (PHYA) gene and cryptochrome (CRY1) gene harvest far-red light (730 nm), blue light (450 nm) light wavelength from light emitting diodes and induce vegetative, reproductive and metabolic growth. The photoreceptor cryptochrome (CRY1) gene harvests blue light (450 nm), red light (660 nm) light wavelength, the photoreceptor phytochrome (PHYA, PHYD) genes and cryptochrome (CRY1) genes are harvest blue light (450 nm), the photoreceptor phytochrome (PHYB, PHYE) genes, and phototropin (PHOT1) genes receive 450 nm blue light, the photoreceptor phytochrome (PHYA, PHYD) genes are assimilate 445 nm + 660 nm white light, the photoreceptor phytochrome (PHYC) gene receives 445 nm + 660 nm white light, the photoreceptor phytochrome (PHYB, PHYE) genes, cryptochrome (CRY2) gene, phototropin (PHOT2) gene trap 445 nm + 660 nm white light for regulating vegetative, reproductive and metabolic process in the growing plant , (Table ) (Figure ).…”

Factors Affecting Production, Nutrient Translocation Mechanisms, and LED Emitted Light in Growth of Microgreen Plants in Soilless Culture

“…The zeitlupe family protein regulates regular metabolism and flower activity in the growing plant. The photoreceptor ultraviolet resistance locus 8 (UVR8) regulates etiolation inhibition and flavonoid synthesis in growing microgreen plants under controlled climatic factors in a closed system …”

“…The photoreceptor ultraviolet resistance locus 8 (UVR8) regulates etiolation inhibition and flavonoid synthesis in growing microgreen plants under controlled climatic factors in a closed system. 207 The photoreceptors of microgreen plants harness red light (663 + 642 nm), and stimulation of the red light and the farred light system activates light pigments inducing growth, germination, stem elongation, leaf expansion, and flowering. The photoreceptor cryptochrome and plant hormones stimulate phototropism, internal processes, and nutrient balance in microgreen plant upon receiving red light.…”