“…Recent advances in organ-on-a-chip technology provide an exciting opportunity to control and simulate microenvironmental conditions in cell culture to construct 3D ex vivo microtissues/organs mimicking their in vivo counterparts, and thus we are able to address a wide range of questions in biology, medicine, and clinical science that previously have been accessible only when animal models are used. − The capability of microfluidics to implement the spatial arrangement of cells or tissues during cell culture is particularly advantageous because most organs are structural tissues with a specific spatial organization of different cell types . To date, many organ-on-a-chip models including liver, − kidney, and lung , have been established.…”
Section: Construction Of Brain-on-a-chip and Gut–brain
Axis (Gba) Modelsmentioning
Remarkable
progress made in the past few decades in brain research
enables the manipulation of neuronal activity in single neurons and
neural circuits and thus allows the decipherment of relations between
nervous systems and behavior. The discovery of glymphatic and lymphatic
systems in the brain and the recently unveiled tight relations between
the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system (CNS)
further revolutionize our understanding of brain structures and functions.
Fundamental questions about how neurons conduct two-way communications
with the gut to establish the gut–brain axis (GBA) and interact
with essential brain components such as glial cells and blood vessels
to regulate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
in health and disease, however, remain. Microfluidics with unparalleled
advantages in the control of fluids at microscale has emerged recently
as an effective approach to address these critical questions in brain
research. The dynamics of cerebral fluids (i.e., blood and CSF) and
novel in vitro brain-on-a-chip models and microfluidic-integrated
multifunctional neuroelectronic devices, for example, have been investigated.
This review starts with a critical discussion of the current understanding
of several key topics in brain research such as neurovascular coupling
(NVC), glymphatic pathway, and GBA and then interrogates a wide range
of microfluidic-based approaches that have been developed or can be
improved to advance our fundamental understanding of brain functions.
Last, emerging technologies for structuring microfluidic devices and
their implications and future directions in brain research are discussed.
“…Recent advances in organ-on-a-chip technology provide an exciting opportunity to control and simulate microenvironmental conditions in cell culture to construct 3D ex vivo microtissues/organs mimicking their in vivo counterparts, and thus we are able to address a wide range of questions in biology, medicine, and clinical science that previously have been accessible only when animal models are used. − The capability of microfluidics to implement the spatial arrangement of cells or tissues during cell culture is particularly advantageous because most organs are structural tissues with a specific spatial organization of different cell types . To date, many organ-on-a-chip models including liver, − kidney, and lung , have been established.…”
Section: Construction Of Brain-on-a-chip and Gut–brain
Axis (Gba) Modelsmentioning
Remarkable
progress made in the past few decades in brain research
enables the manipulation of neuronal activity in single neurons and
neural circuits and thus allows the decipherment of relations between
nervous systems and behavior. The discovery of glymphatic and lymphatic
systems in the brain and the recently unveiled tight relations between
the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system (CNS)
further revolutionize our understanding of brain structures and functions.
Fundamental questions about how neurons conduct two-way communications
with the gut to establish the gut–brain axis (GBA) and interact
with essential brain components such as glial cells and blood vessels
to regulate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
in health and disease, however, remain. Microfluidics with unparalleled
advantages in the control of fluids at microscale has emerged recently
as an effective approach to address these critical questions in brain
research. The dynamics of cerebral fluids (i.e., blood and CSF) and
novel in vitro brain-on-a-chip models and microfluidic-integrated
multifunctional neuroelectronic devices, for example, have been investigated.
This review starts with a critical discussion of the current understanding
of several key topics in brain research such as neurovascular coupling
(NVC), glymphatic pathway, and GBA and then interrogates a wide range
of microfluidic-based approaches that have been developed or can be
improved to advance our fundamental understanding of brain functions.
Last, emerging technologies for structuring microfluidic devices and
their implications and future directions in brain research are discussed.
The continuing pursuit for a healthy life has led to the urgent need for on-site analysis. In response to the urgent needs of on-site analysis, we propose a novel concept, called lab at home (LAH), for building automated and integrated total analysis systems to perform chemical and biological testing at home. It represents an emerging research area with broad prospects that has not yet attracted sufficient attention. In this paper, we discuss the urgent need, challenges, and future prospects of this area, and the possible roadmap for achieving the goal of LAH has also been proposed.
Graphical Abstract
“…Organ-on-a-chip systems provide microenvironment platform for three-dimensional (3D) tissue development, mimicking the interactions of the in vivo cells and tissues. In current stage, most of the in vitro cell culture for drug screening and delivery have been studied on two-dimensional (2D) platforms, which provide direct and preliminary data about drug-cell interaction [47]. However, 2D is insufficient and too simple to mimic in vivo human body.…”
Last but not least, I would like to thank my family, my friends for their unconditional love, trust, and accompany. Without them, I cannot make my journey this far.
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