Orf virus infection

Abstract

Orf virus (ORFV) is an important pathogen responsible for a highly contagious zoonotic viral infection that threatens those who handle sheep and goats. Orf virus is the prototype of the Parapoxvirus genus, and its resilience in the environment and ability to reinfect its host has contributed to the spread and maintenance of the infection in many species. In healthy humans, the disease usually resolves spontaneously within 3 to 6 weeks. There is no specific treatment and many different approaches such as use of imiquimod, cidofovir, curettage, shave excision, cryotherapy, and electrocautery have all been reported to be successful, without supporting evidence from controlled clinical trials. Throughout its interaction with the different hosts, ORFV has evolved a strategy for immune evasion via the development of an array of virulence factors. The interaction of ORFV with the immune system has been the subject of research for decades. Whole inactivated ORFV has been used as a type of immunomodulating drug; a so called paramunity inducer proposed as both a preventative and a therapeutic immunomodulator across various species. Additional research on the remarkable strategies underlying ORFV infection could lead to improved understanding of skin immunity.

Cloning of a Conserved Domain of ORFV- DNA polymerase in the pCDH-CMV-MCS-EF1-cGFP-T2A-Puro Lentiviral Plasmid

“…Finding any way for ORFV treatment or control is of interest to scientists since it is a zoonotic and highly contagious agent; causes significant economic impacts on the livestock industry. The contagious nature of ORFV, its rapid transmission among susceptible hosts and long survival time in the environment are some of the difficulties to eradicate ORFV (Bergqvist et al, 2017). Although some traditional therapeutic measures are used, the treatment of acute ORFV infections is usually not effective (Chi et al, 2013;Said et al, 2013).…”

“…Secondary bacterial infections can situate and sometimes extend into internal organs. Orf has been reported in people who handled infected animals or their tissues (Bergqvist et al, 2017).…”

“…In the previous studies, due to the conservation of the ORFV-DNA polymerase enzyme and functional roles in virus life cycle, it has been mostly selected as a target. So, in the present study, the conserved DnaQ_like exonuclease domain of ORFV DNA pol was selected for cloning in a lentiviral plasmid (Wang et al, 2014;Bergqvist et al, 2017).…”

Manipulation of Non-canonical NF-κB Signaling by Non-oncogenic Viruses

“…Orf virus (ORFV) belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus of the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily and Poxviridae family of large dsDNA viruses is a pathogen in sheep and goats, as well as a zoonotic agent, which can be used as an immunomodulating drug after inactivation (Bergqvist et al 2017). …”

Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of B2L Gene of ORF Virus from Clinical Cases of Sheep in Serbia

“…Sheep and goats are most susceptible for ORFV infection, but the other ruminants such as musk ox, camels and reindeer can be infected (Mombeni et al, 2013;Tryland et al, 2018). ORFV has also zoonotic potential affecting people who work with animals (Zhang et al, 2014b;Bergqvist et al, 2017). In Serbia, ORFV infection in humans and ruminants other than sheep and goats has never been reported.…”