Orexins and Their Receptors in the Human Retina

Savaskan, Egemen; Müller‐Spahn, F.; Meier, Fides; Wirz‐Justice, Anna; Meyer, Peter

doi:10.1159/000078675

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…These results are of interest as although glutamine is the major neurotransmitter within the retina, particularly for photoreceptor, bipolar and ganglion cells, additional neurotransmitters/receptors are a feature of other cell types. Serotonin and NPY, for example, are associated with subsets of amacrine cells (Bagnoli et al , 2003; Ghai et al , 2009), tachykinins with amacrine and ganglion cells, and orexins with horizontal, bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells (Kolb et al , 1995; Savaskan et al , 2004). This genome-wide analysis of gene expression patterns is consistent with the idea that group 1 retinoblastomas show characteristics of multiple retinal cell types.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene expression profiling identifies different sub-types of retinoblastoma

Kapatai

Jenkinson

et al. 2013

Br J Cancer

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Background:Mutation of the RB1 gene is necessary but not sufficient for the development of retinoblastoma. The nature of events occurring subsequent to RB1 mutation is unclear, as is the retinal cell-of-origin of this tumour.Methods:Gene expression profiling of 21 retinoblastomas was carried out to identify genetic events that contribute to tumorigenesis and to obtain information about tumour histogenesis.Results:Expression analysis showed a clear separation of retinoblastomas into two groups. Group 1 retinoblastomas express genes associated with a range of different retinal cell types, suggesting derivation from a retinal progenitor cell type. Recurrent chromosomal alterations typical of retinoblastoma, for example, chromosome 1q and 6p gain and 16q loss were also a feature of this group, and clinically they were characterised by an invasive pattern of tumour growth. In contrast, group 2 retinoblastomas were found to retain many characteristics of cone photoreceptor cells and appear to exploit the high metabolic capacity of this cell type in order to promote tumour proliferation.Conclusion:Retinoblastoma is a heterogeneous tumour with variable biology and clinical characteristics.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene expression profiling identifies different sub-types of retinoblastoma

Kapatai

Jenkinson

et al. 2013

Br J Cancer

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“…Thus, it was not unexpected to find that specific survival-related information from sensory receptors for vision, olfaction, audition, taste, etc., are transmitted via high-priority "fast tracks" directly and indirectly to hypocretinergic neurons (3,10,24,36,58,64,71,80,119,130,147,149,184). There are also direct (i.e., monosynaptic) projections to all sensory systems from hypocretinergic neurons that enhance the receipt of survival-related sensory information (55,61,116,127,144,146).…”

Section: Adequate Survival Stimuli Activate the Hypocretinergic Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unique survival processes that involve the transmission of visual information, which begins in the retina and extends to the central processing of visual data, are also dependent on the functioning of the hypocretinergic system (146). For example, the guidance of body movements toward visually detected objects is promoted by hypocretinergic directives (149).…”

Section: Adequate Survival Stimuli Activate the Hypocretinergic Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The influence of the hypocretins on circadian processes may also be complementary to its role in stabilizing sleep and waking states since there are strong reciprocal connections between hypocretinergic neurons and various sites that are involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms (94,118,119). These are complex processes as evidenced by the fact that hypocretins and their receptors are present in the retina, and photosensitive retinal ganglion cells play a role in setting the suprachiasmatic circadian clock (146). Stable circadian rhythms, as with the states of sleep and wakefulness, provide an important foundation for the expression of survival and related behaviors, which are highlighted by the deficits in survival-related processes and states that arise in hypocretin knockout animals (82,89).…”

Section: Potential Limitations Of the Unified Survival Theory Of The mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A unified survival theory of the functioning of the hypocretinergic system

Chase

2013

Journal of Applied Physiology

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This article advances the theory that the hypocretinergic (orexinergic) system initiates, coordinates, and maintains survival behaviors and survival-related processes (i.e., the Unified Survival Theory of the Functioning of the Hypocretinergic System or "Unified Hypocretinergic Survival Theory"). A priori presumptive support for the Unified Hypocretinergic Survival Theory emanates from the fact that neurons that contain hypocretin are located in the key executive central nervous system (CNS) site, the lateral hypothalamus, that for decades has been well-documented to govern core survival behaviors such as fight, flight, and food consumption. In addition, the hypocretinergic system exhibits the requisite morphological and electrophysiological capabilities to control survival behaviors and related processes. Complementary behavioral data demonstrate that all facets of "survival" are coordinated by the hypocretinergic system and that hypocretinergic directives are not promulgated except during survival behaviors. Importantly, it has been shown that survival behaviors are selectively impacted when the hypocretinergic system is impaired or rendered nonfunctional, whereas other behaviors are relatively unaffected. The Unified Hypocretinergic Survival Theory resolves the disparate, perplexing, and often paradoxical-appearing results of previous studies; it also provides a foundation for future hypothesis-driven basic science and clinical explorations of the hypocretinergic system.

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“…Only neurochemical identification but not physiological roles in the human retina have been reported for the following neuropeptides: bradykinin , enkephalin , erythropoietin (EPO) , neurokinin A and B , neurotensin , orexin A and B , secretoneurin thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone and urocortin .…”

Section: Neuropeptides In the Human Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropeptides and diabetic retinopathy

Gábriel¹

2013

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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Diabetic retinopathy, a common complication of diabetes, develops in 75% of patients with type 1 and 50% of patients with type 2 diabetes, progressing to legal blindness in about 5%. In the recent years, considerable efforts have been put into finding treatments for this condition. It has been discovered that peptidergic mechanisms (neuropeptides and their analogues, activating a diverse array of signal transduction pathways through their multiple receptors) are potentially important for consideration in drug development strategies. A considerable amount of knowledge has been accumulated over the last three decades on human retinal neuropeptides and those elements in the pathomechanisms of diabetic retinopathy which might be related to peptidergic signal transduction. Here, human retinal neuropeptides and their receptors are reviewed, along with the theories relevant to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy both in humans and in experimental models. By collating this information, the curative potential of certain neupeptides and their analogues/antagonists can also be discussed, along with the existing clinical treatments of diabetic retinopathy. The most promising peptidergic pathways for which treatment strategies may be developed at present are stimulation of the somatostatin-related pathway and the pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide-related pathway or inhibition of angiotensinergic mechanisms. These approaches may result in the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor production and neuronal apoptosis; therefore, both the optical quality of the image and the processing capability of the neural circuit in the retina may be saved.

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Orexins and Their Receptors in the Human Retina

Cited by 21 publications

References 28 publications

Gene expression profiling identifies different sub-types of retinoblastoma

Gene expression profiling identifies different sub-types of retinoblastoma

A unified survival theory of the functioning of the hypocretinergic system

Neuropeptides and diabetic retinopathy

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