Ore genesis of the Duotoushan Fe-Cu deposit, Eastern Tianshan, NW China: Constraints from ore geology, mineral geochemistry, fluid inclusion and stable isotopes

Zhang, Weifeng; Chen, Huayong; Peng, Lianhong; Zhao, Lilin; Lu, Wanjian; Zhang, Zengjie; Yang, Juntao

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.02.021

Cited by 21 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…The host rocks of both platy and granular magnetite are andesitic tuff breccias which consist mainly of euhedral–subhedral albite and amphibole (Zhang et al , 2018). Thus, the host-rock properties might not be the major controlling factors of the highly-variable compositions of these two types of magnetite.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Five stages of alteration and mineralisation were identified at Duotoushan based on detailed petrological studies, including: (I) albite–amphibole stage; (II) garnet–clinopyroxene stage; (III) magnetite mineralisation stage; (IV) sulfide stage; and (V) late veins stage (Zhang et al , 2018). The albite–amphibole stage contains abundant albite and minor amphibole.…”

Section: District and Deposit Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The albite–amphibole stage contains abundant albite and minor amphibole. The coarse pink albite and dark-grey amphibole are usually crosscut by magnetite (Zhang et al , 2018). The garnet–clinopyroxene stage contains major light brown to yellowish-green garnet with minor clinopyroxene, which were partially or entirely replaced by amphibole, epidote and magnetite (Zhang et al , 2018).…”

Section: District and Deposit Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The minerals in the sulfide stage are mainly pyrite and chalcopyrite. Pyrite-rich veins crosscutting stage-III magnetite suggest that the sulfide stage is later than the magnetite stage (Zhang et al , 2018). The late-veins stage consist of mainly quartz and calcite veins which cross-cut early-stage minerals.…”

Section: District and Deposit Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The genesis of this deposit remains controversial. Jia and Zhao (2017) suggested that the Duotoushan deposit is a medium–high-temperature hydrothermal magnetite deposit characterised by fracture infill, while Zhang et al (2018) concluded, based on the mineralogy, paragenesis and fluid-inclusion studies, that it is similar to the Central Andean iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) deposits. Both platy and granular magnetite are common and constitute the major orebody at Duotoushan (Zhang et al , 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Texture and composition of magnetite in the Duotoushan deposit, NW China: implications for ore genesis of Fe–Cu deposits

Chen

Huang

et al. 2020

MinMag

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The Duotoushan deposit is an important Fe–Cu deposit in the Aqishan–Yamansu metallogenic belt of eastern Tianshan, NW China. Magnetite occurs in two main habits which are common in many Fe–Cu deposits, i.e. platy (TD1 Mag) and granular magnetite (TD2 Mag) have been identified at Duotoushan. Platy magnetite shows two different zones (bright and dark) based on the observations by scanning electron microscopy. The bright part (TD1-L) is the main part of TD1 magnetite and lacks inclusions. The dark part (TD1-D) is very porous and has abundant tiny silicate inclusions. Granular magnetite is usually anhedral with obvious oscillatory zoning in back-scattered electron images. In general, the dark zones of magnetite are characterised by greater Si, Ca, Al and lesser Fe contents than the bright zones. In situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the lattice parameter of TD1 magnetite is approximately equal to that of standard magnetite and slightly higher than that of TD2 magnetite, indicating that some cations with ionic radii smaller than those of Fe2+ or Fe3+ entered the magnetite lattice by simple or coupled substitution mechanisms in TD2 magnetite.The results in the present study show that the effects of temperature and $f_{{\rm O}_ 2}$ on platy magnetite are very limited and the changing fluid composition might be the major controlling factor for the formation of Duotoushan platy magnetite. Although the possibility that mushketovite transformed from hematite cannot be excluded entirely, evidence from in situ XRD data, pore-volume ratio calculation and the growth habit of intergrown minerals indicates that platy magnetite (TD1) coexisting with amphibole was more likely to have been precipitated originally from hydrothermal fluid. This was then affected by changes in the fluid composition which consequently led to dissolution of primary magnetite (TD1-L) and re-precipitation of TD1-D magnetite (with abundant porosity and mineral inclusions). Meanwhile, granular magnetite (TD2) with oscillatory zoning, and coexisting with epidote and quartz, was precipitated from fluid with periodic variation in temperature. These oscillatory zones are characterised by bands enriched in Si, Al and Ca alternating with bands depleted in these elements. The present investigation revealed a complex evolutionary process for magnetite formation in the Duotoushan deposit. The importance of combined investigation of texture and compositional characterisation of magnetite for study of the ore genesis and evolution of Fe–Cu deposits is highlighted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: District and Deposit Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: District and Deposit Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: District and Deposit Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Texture and composition of magnetite in the Duotoushan deposit, NW China: implications for ore genesis of Fe–Cu deposits

Chen

Huang

et al. 2020

MinMag

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Using titanite to constrain geochronology and physicochemical conditions of hydrothermal mineralization events: A case study of the Duotoushan Fe–Cu deposit, Eastern Tianshan, NW China

Zhang

Chen

2022

Geological Journal

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As a common Ca‐ and Ti‐ bearing silicate mineral in many types of hydrothermal deposits, titanite usually contains high concentrations of trace elements. Its mineral chemistry and U–Pb isotope can reveal the physicochemical conditions and geochronology of the ore‐forming systems. In this contribution, we present a detailed study on titanite which precipitated during the Fe mineralization in the Duotoushan deposit. Due to coexistence with hydrothermal minerals, low Th/U ratios (0.02–0.3), and depletion in rare earth elements (REE), all the studied titanites are classified into a hydrothermal group. The negative correlation between [REE3+ + (Al, Fe)3+] and [Ca2+ + Ti4+] indicates that REE mainly entered the lattice of titanite via the mechanism of substitution. In addition, titanite grains are characterized by HREE, Zr, and Nb enrichments with LREE depletion, suggesting that the complexation of F− at neutral to alkaline pH conditions may have caused the fractionation of REE. At Duotoushan, the titanite grains coexist with quartz, epidote, amphibole, and magnetite, and exhibit positive Eu anomalies (δEu = 1.04–1.31) but lack Ce anomalies, indicating that ore‐forming fluids may have been derived from a relatively low oxygen fugacity and high fH2O environment. Titanite yielded an in‐situ U–Pb lower‐intercept age of 307.2 ± 4.8 Ma (MSWD = 0.97), consistent with the syn‐ore amphibole 40Ar‐39Ar plateau age (305 ± 6 Ma). Since the mineralization ages are obviously younger than country rocks, the previous syn‐sedimentary ore‐forming model for Duotoushan Fe–Cu mineralization can be excluded. Integrating the characteristics from ore deposit geology, periods of mineralization events, and spatial–temporal distribution of magmatism, we proposed that the Duotoushan Fe–Cu mineralization event may be linked with a hidden granite in its orefield.

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Carboniferous magmatic activity in the Aqishan–Caixiashan polymetallic ore cluster, eastern Tianshan, NW China: implications for tectonic evolution and regional metallogeny

Hu,

Wang,

Wei

et al. 2024

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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Ore genesis of the Duotoushan Fe-Cu deposit, Eastern Tianshan, NW China: Constraints from ore geology, mineral geochemistry, fluid inclusion and stable isotopes

Cited by 21 publications

References 69 publications

Texture and composition of magnetite in the Duotoushan deposit, NW China: implications for ore genesis of Fe–Cu deposits

Texture and composition of magnetite in the Duotoushan deposit, NW China: implications for ore genesis of Fe–Cu deposits

Using titanite to constrain geochronology and physicochemical conditions of hydrothermal mineralization events: A case study of the Duotoushan Fe–Cu deposit, Eastern Tianshan, NW China

Carboniferous magmatic activity in the Aqishan–Caixiashan polymetallic ore cluster, eastern Tianshan, NW China: implications for tectonic evolution and regional metallogeny

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