Ordered Versus Unordered Characters

Wilkinson, Mark

doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1992.tb00079.x

Cited by 137 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(30 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

103

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Therefore, character states were coded as ordered but not polarized. The resulting tree, therefore, hypothesizes genealogical relationships between states, or hypothesizes synapomorphies (Wilkinson, 1992). Character states were optimized onto two phylogenies.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of hyperphalangy and digit reduction in the cetacean manus

Cooper

Berta

Dawson

et al. 2007

The Anatomical Record

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Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) have a soft tissue flipper that encases most of the forelimb, and elongated digits with an increased number of phalanges (hyperphalangy). In addition, some cetaceans exhibit a reduction in digit number. Although toothed cetaceans (odontocetes) are pentadactylous, most baleen whales (mysticetes) are tetradactylous and also lack a metacarpal. This study conducts a survey of cetacean metacarpal and phalangeal morphologies, traces the evolution of hyperphalangy in a phylogenetic context, optimizes characters onto previously published cetacean phylogenies, and tests various digit loss hypotheses. Dissections were performed on 16 cetacean flippers representing 10 species (8 mysticetes, 2 odontocetes). Phalangeal count data were derived from forelimb radiographs (36 odontocetes, 5 mysticetes), osteological specimens of articulated forelimbs (8 mysticetes), and were supplemented with published counts. Modal phalangeal counts were coded as ordered and unpolarized characters and optimized onto two known cetacean phylogenies. Results indicate that digital ray I is reduced in many cetaceans (except Globicephala) and all elements of digital ray I were lost in tetradactylous mysticetes. Fossil evidence indicates this ray may have been lost approximately 14 Ma. Most odontocetes also reduce the number of phalangeal elements in digit V, while mysticetes typically retain the plesiomorphic condition of three phalanges. Results from modal phalangeal counts show the greatest degree of hyperphalangy in digits II and III in odontocetes and digits III and IV in mysticetes. Fossil evidence indicates cetacean hyperphalangy evolved by at least 7-8 Ma. Digit loss and digit positioning may underlie disparate flipper shapes, with narrow, elongate flippers facilitating fast swimming and broad flippers aiding slow turns. Hyperphalangy may help distribute leading edge forces, and multiple interphalangeal joints may smooth leading edge flipper contour. Anat Rec, 290:654-672, 2007. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of hyperphalangy and digit reduction in the cetacean manus

Cooper

Berta

Dawson

et al. 2007

The Anatomical Record

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“…Yet, in an equally well-cited paper, Wilkinson (1992) promotes treating multistate characters as ordered, a standard strategy (Skelton and McHenry, 1992;Strait et al, 1997;Strait and Grine, 2004;Smith and Grine, 2008;Berger et al, 2010). Unordered characters have less explanatory power, and "hypotheses of unorder are less restrictive than hypotheses of order .…”

Section: : Carter Et Al (2013) Note That Implicit In the Methods Wementioning

confidence: 99%

News and views: Response to ‘Non-metric dental traits and hominin phylogeny’ by Carter et al., with additional information on the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System and phylogenetic ‘place’ of Australopithecus sediba

Irish

Guatelli‐Steinberg

Legge

et al. 2014

Journal of Human Evolution

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News and views:Response to 'Non-metric dental traits and hominin phylogeny' by Carter et al., with additional information on the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System and phylogenetic 'place' of Australopithecus sediba http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/758/ Article LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LJMU Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain.The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of the record. Please see the repository URL above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. traits, 2) compare the traits in A. sediba with those previously recorded in other hominin samples, and 3) present initial phylogenetic analyses using these data. Given the subset of traits, out of 125 possible (below), and small A. sediba sample, our conclusion was that the results "further define [the species'] position relative to other genera," but that "the phylogenetic place of A. sediba has not been settled" (Irish et al., 2013: 1233062-12330624). These goals were met, as a basis for more comprehensive study. Below we summarize and reply to the eight objections of They are correct. Among-group ASUDAS variation is ordinarily quantified using trait frequencies (Scott and Turner, 1997;Irish, 2005Irish, , 2006. For that, suitable sample sizes are necessary, a shortcoming in fossil studies. However, the A. sediba sample (n=2) necessitates a standard phylogenetic approach; inter-species variation is collapsed into a 'typical' state, after Skelton and McHenry (1992), Strait et al. (1997), Strait andGrine (2004) and Smith and Grine (2008). (1997). Frequencies of occurrence are based on the appraised morphological threshold of traits (Scott, 1973;Turner, 1985Turner, , 1987Scott and Turner, 1997

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“…Since uninformative characters may be informative in future higher-level studies, they were incorporated in the character matrix and analysis, but were excluded when calculating tree statistics (Yeates 1992;Bryant 1995). All characters were treated as unordered (non-additive) (Fitch 1971) and equally weighted (Wilkinson 1992). The character matrix (Appendix 2) was constructed and characters mapped with MacClade 4.08 (Maddison and Maddison 2000) to observe character state transformation on a given tree.…”

Section: Character Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeny of Polycentropodidae Ulmer, 1903 (Trichoptera:Annulipalpia:Psychomyioidea) inferred from larval, pupal and adult characters

Chamorro

Holzenthal

2011

Invert. Systematics

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Abstract. Phylogeny of Polycentropodidae Ulmer is inferred based on data from immature and adult stages. Larval information is unknown for 61% of the taxa included in this study. To understand the effects of including characters with large sets of missing data, three alternative datasets were analysed using parsimony and Bayesian methods. Five outgroup taxa, including the four families in Psychomyioidea and the single family in Hydropsychoidea, were used in all datasets. Monophyly of Polycentropodidae, as currently defined, was rejected and the monophyly of the three largest cosmopolitan genera, Polycentropus, Polyplectropus and Nyctiophylax, was not confirmed. Monophyly of Pseudoneureclipsinae, including the genera Antillopsyche and Pseudoneureclipsis, was supported in all analyses. The placement of Pseudoneureclipsis within Dipseudopsidae was rejected. Monophyly of Kambaitipsychinae was supported, but its placement within Polycentropodidae was not confirmed. Analyses were sensitive to either inclusion or exclusion of characters from immature stages. Based on the results of these analyses, the following taxonomic changes are established: Kambaitipsychidae, stat. nov. and Pseudoneureclipsidae, stat. nov. are elevated to family status. North American Polycentropus species originally described in either Plectrocnemia or Holocentropus are returned to their original combinations and North American species described in Polycentropus post-1944 are transferred to either Holocentropus or Plectrocnemia. The following new or reinstated combinations are proposed: Plectrocnemia albipuncta Banks, comb, rev.; Plectrocnemia aureola Banks, comb, rev.; Plectrocnemia cinerea (Hagen), comb, rev.; Plectrocnemia clinei Milne, comb, rev.; Plectrocnemia crassicornis (Walker), comb, rev.; Plectrocnemia jenula (Denning) comb, nov.; Plectrocnemia icula (Ross), comb, nov.; Plectrocnemia nascotia (Ross), comb, nov.; Plectrocnemia remota (Banks), comb, rev.; Plectrocnemia sabulosa (Leonard & Leonard), comb, nov.; Plectrocnemia smithae (Denning), comb, nov.; Plectrocnemia vigilatrix Navas, comb, rev

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Ordered Versus Unordered Characters

Cited by 137 publications

References 30 publications

Evolution of hyperphalangy and digit reduction in the cetacean manus

Evolution of hyperphalangy and digit reduction in the cetacean manus

News and views: Response to ‘Non-metric dental traits and hominin phylogeny’ by Carter et al., with additional information on the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System and phylogenetic ‘place’ of Australopithecus sediba

Phylogeny of Polycentropodidae Ulmer, 1903 (Trichoptera:Annulipalpia:Psychomyioidea) inferred from larval, pupal and adult characters

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