“…In the survey scan of the XPS spectra of the N,Cu-CDs/ m-WO 3 -0.8 nanocomposite ( Supplementary Figure S1), the presence of C, N, O, W, and Cu further verified that the N,Cu-CDs were successfully combined with the m-WO 3 . In the high-resolution W 4f spectra ( Figure 4B), the W of pure m-WO 3 existed in four different states: W 4f 5/2 of W 6+ , W 4f 7/2 of W 6+ , W 4f 5/2 of W 5+ , and W 4f 7/2 of W 5+ (at 37.80, 35.64, 36.80, and 34.50 eV, respectively), which suggested that the m-WO 3 contained rich oxygen vacancies (Sun et al, 2019). In the O 1s spectra ( Figure 4C), the O 1s peaks in the pure m-WO 3 were divided into two peaks at 530.36 and 531.25 eV, which were ascribed to the lattice oxygen (W-O) and the adsorbed oxygen, respectively (Zhu et al, 2017).…”