Orchidopexy: theory and practice.

Abstract

2 Chandra RK, ed. Nutrition, immunity and illness in the elderly. New York: Pergamon Press, 1985:1-100. 3 Rivlin RS, Young EA, eds. Symposium on evidence relating selected vitamins and minerals to health and disease in the elderly population in the United States.

Temporal trends in orchidopexy, Great Britain, 1992-1998.

“…Previous studies have suggested that orchidopexy rates might be double (Chilvers et al 1984) or even several times (Campbell and Webb 1987;Cooper and Little 1985;Snick 1984) higher than the prevalence of cryptorchidism in infancy. Large differences in these rates increase the possibility that underlying trends in cryptorchidism will be masked.…”

“…The differences between orchidopexy and cryptorchidism rates might partly reflect either misdiagnosed cases of retractile testes (Chilvers et al 1984;Cooper and Little 1985;Snick 1984) or the possibility that cryptorchidism is acquired after birth (Donaldson et al 1996;Jackson and John Radcliffe Hospital Cryptorchidism Research Group 1988), for which various etiologies have been postulated (Atwell 1985;Clarnette et al 1997;Hutson and Goh 1993;Rabinowitz and Hulbert 1997). The cremaster reflex cannot retract the testes from the scrotum to the superficial inguinal pouch until about 6 months of age (Cortes 1998).…”

Postpubertal Cryptorchidism: Review and Evaluation of the Fertility

“…Ten percent of infertile subjects are affected or had been affected by cryptorchidism [1], Initial management of prepubertal cryptorchid patients involves the admin istration of gonadotropins [2][3][4][5][6], If an adequate response to hormonal treatment is not obtained, orchidopexy is performed [7,8]. In the literature, there is no clear indi cation of the ideal age at which orchidopexy should be performed; it is, however, well known that the best results are obtained when the operation is performed in prepubertal patients [8].…”

Surgical and Hormonal Therapy for Cryptorchidism: An Overview

“…There are some data in the literature to suggest that retractile testes that are treated with hormonal therapy almost always descend [35,36]. This has also been borne out by our recent investigations [7] that demonstrate that, while parenteral administration of hCG or intranasal GnRH is very ineffective in inducing descent of the true cryptorchid testis, parenteral hCG was shown to be very effective in inducing descent of retractile testes.…”

“…As an example, Chilvers et al [34] reported in 1984 that, between 1962 and 1981, the diagnosis of cryptorchidism and the rate of orchiopexy increased 10-fold during a time when the incidence of cryptorchidism in the general population remained stable at 0.8% of all boys. Cooper and Little [35] in 1985 reported that even in Notting ham, UK, where the population and incidence of crypt orchidism have remained stable for decades, approxi mately 5 times the expected number of orchiopexies per year are now being performed [35]. To put this in better perspective, approximately 14,070 orchiopexies were ac tually performed annually instead of the expected 3,150 [35], These data would tend to suggest that the inclusion of retractile testes into population groups of true crypt orchid testes is very common amongst both primary and specialist physicians.…”