Orbitofrontal cortex neurofeedback produces lasting changes in contamination anxiety and resting-state connectivity

Scheinost, Dustin; Stoica, Teodora; Saksa, John R.; Papademetris, Xenophon; Constable, R. Todd; Pittenger, Christopher; Hampson, Michelle

doi:10.1038/tp.2013.24

Cited by 168 publications

(179 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…5 itself also shows long-term changes in connectivity related to our two training ROIs. These results are in line with the well-documented effect of NF training on changes in network functional connectivity (24,(40)(41)(42)(43). The changes in resting-state connectivity following training thus extend previous NF training based on spontaneous fluctuations that showed changes in activation during training (16,44).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Covert neurofeedback without awareness shapes cortical network spontaneous connectivity

Ramot

Grossman

Friedman

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Recent advances in blood oxygen level-dependent-functional MRI (BOLD-fMRI)-based neurofeedback reveal that participants can modulate neuronal properties. However, it is unknown whether such training effects can be introduced in the absence of participants' awareness that they are being trained. Here, we show unconscious neurofeedback training, which consequently produced changes in functional connectivity, introduced in participants who received positive and negative rewards that were covertly coupled to activity in two category-selective visual cortex regions. The results indicate that brain networks can be modified even in the complete absence of intention and awareness of the learning situation, raising intriguing possibilities for clinical interventions.neurofeedback | training | reward | spontaneous activity | functional connectivity T here has been a growing interest in the field of neuroscience in the use of neurofeedback (NF) as a tool to both study and treat various clinical conditions. The uses of NF are diverse, ranging across a variety of motor and sensory tasks (1-4), investigation of cortical plasticity and attention (5-9), to treatment of chronic pain, depression, and mood control (10-13).Recent advances in functional MRI (fMRI) techniques and hardware have made real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) a viable method for NF (14). This enables more anatomically specific training compared with methods such as EEG. This enhanced localization additionally allows to provide feedback to differential activation patterns (6, 15, 16), beyond simple up/down-regulation of a specific region/frequency.Another advance in the field of NF is the finding by several recent studies that participants are able to learn to successfully perform the NF paradigm, even without being given an explicit strategy (8,16). This form of implicit learning is intriguing, both because there have been reports indicating certain advantages to implicit over explicit learning (17,18), but mostly because this opens up previously unidentified pathways for therapeutic intervention, for cases for which there are no specific explicit strategies available (for instance, control over complex networks, such as in epilepsy, or over brain regions whose function is not fully elucidated).However, an important common factor in all previous NF studies was the fact that participants were aware that they were being trained, and received specific goals for this training. A fundamental question that therefore remains unanswered is whether targeted brain networks can still be modulated even in the complete absence of participants' awareness that a training process is taking place. Theories of closed-loop learning provide evidence that such implicit learning through reward cues is possible (19,20). This is an important issue, because it may open the way for NF training even in severe clinical cases such as minimally conscious or vegetative state, where such awareness is absent.In the present study, we examined this question in fMRI experiments in which participants were i...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Covert neurofeedback without awareness shapes cortical network spontaneous connectivity

Ramot

Grossman

Friedman

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…A study by Scheinost et al (2013) evaluated 10 subjects with contamination anxiety to undergo functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) NF training and compared their neural connectivity with real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI). A matched control group of 10 subjects that received sham fMRI-NF (SNF) of their matched pair was used.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Neurofeedback to Lower Anxiety Symptoms Using Individualized qEEG Protocols: A Pilot Study

Dreis

Gouger

Perez

et al. 2015

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Introduction: Anxiety disorders affect approximately 40 million Americans ages 18 and over (NIMH, 2015). Although qualitative and small-scale quantitative neurofeedback (NF) studies show reduction in anxiety symptoms, large-scale studies and quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) driven protocols are non-existent. This retrospective pilot study intended to assess whether qEEG guided amplitude NF is viable in symptom reduction of anxiety. Methods: Nineteen clients were assessed for anxiety, 14 were included in the data. Demographics include age ranges from 11-61 (M = 31.71, SD = 16.33), 9 male and 5 female; six identified as Caucasian, five as Hispanic/Latino, and three Caucasian/Hispanic ethnicity. Pre-and post-assessments included the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED), and the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA). Clients received 30-min qEEG guided NF treatment sessions, twice a week. The range of attended session was 7-28 (M = 12.93, SD = 6.32). Results: Enhancement in clients' well-being was evidenced by statistically significant improvement in symptom measures scores. Although improvements for the two most anxiety-related categories on the ASEBA were not significant, other anxiety-related categories did show significant improvement. Yet, qEEG findings were not statistically significant. Directions for future research are discussed.

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“…Most fMRI neurofeedback methods focus on up-or downregulation of a single region-of-interest activation [116][117][118]. But these have recently been extended by DecNef to control spatial activity patterns within a specific ROI, as explained above [39].…”

Section: Discussion: Integrating the Three Fields By Decoded Neurofeementioning

confidence: 99%

Creating the brain and interacting with the brain: an integrated approach to understanding the brain

Morimoto¹,

Kawato

2015

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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In the past two decades, brain science and robotics have made gigantic advances in their own fields, and their interactions have generated several interdisciplinary research fields. First, in the 'understanding the brain by creating the brain' approach, computational neuroscience models have been applied to many robotics problems. Second, such brain-motivated fields as cognitive robotics and developmental robotics have emerged as interdisciplinary areas among robotics, neuroscience and cognitive science with special emphasis on humanoid robots. Third, in brain-machine interface research, a brain and a robot are mutually connected within a closed loop. In this paper, we review the theoretical backgrounds of these three interdisciplinary fields and their recent progress. Then, we introduce recent efforts to reintegrate these research fields into a coherent perspective and propose a new direction that integrates brain science and robotics where the decoding of information from the brain, robot control based on the decoded information and multimodal feedback to the brain from the robot are carried out in real time and in a closed loop.

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Orbitofrontal cortex neurofeedback produces lasting changes in contamination anxiety and resting-state connectivity

Cited by 168 publications

References 32 publications

Covert neurofeedback without awareness shapes cortical network spontaneous connectivity

Covert neurofeedback without awareness shapes cortical network spontaneous connectivity

Using Neurofeedback to Lower Anxiety Symptoms Using Individualized qEEG Protocols: A Pilot Study

Creating the brain and interacting with the brain: an integrated approach to understanding the brain

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