The orbital ordering in perovskite-type vanadium oxides, RVO 3 (R: rare earth), has been investigated by resonant X-ray scattering (RXS) near the V K-edge energy. The G-type orbital order, C-type orbital order and orbital disorder phases are elucidated on the basis of the azimuthal-angle and polarization dependence of the RXS signal reflecting the orbital ordering.
IntroductionResonant X-ray scattering (RXS) is becoming one of the most powerful tools for studying orbital states in strongly correlated electron systems. Therefore, it is important to understand the origin of RXS signals to determine orbital states; the RXS signal reflects not only the orbital state, but also the structural characteristics (Nakao et al., 2006, and references therein). In RVO 3 , the two valence electrons of V 3+ ions occupy the nearly triply degenerate t 2g orbitals. Hence, the physical properties of RVO 3 are coupled with the orbital and spin states. Two types of orbital orderings have been reported in RVO 3 systems. One is C-type orbital order (C-OO), with an antiferroic arrangement of d xy d yz and d xy d zx in the ab plane and a ferroic arrangement along the c-axis. The other phase is G-type orbital order (G-OO), with an antiferroic arrangement in all the three orthogonal directions. These orbital orderings have been studied by RXS (Noguchi et al., 2000). However, there are some unclear points relating to the interpretation of the observed RXS. In this study, we have systematically investigated RXS near the V K-edge energy on the basis of model calculations and have revaluated the orbital orderings in RVO 3 .