Orbital bone fractures: 10 years’ experience at the Rome trauma centre: retrospective analysis of 543 patients

Long-Term Aesthetic Cicatrization Analysis of Lower Eyelid Incision for Orbital Floor Fracture Approach

“…13 According to recent data in the literature, males are more affected, assaults appear to be the main cause, followed by road traffic accidents and sport-related ones, diplopia is the most recorded symptom at diagnosis time, and surgical treatment through open reduction and internal fixation is the gold standard treatment so far. [14][15][16] The main goal of orbital fracture treatment is to restore the pretraumatic orbital volume, restoring the continuity of the bone walls through various reconstructive approaches, which guarantee not only a functional result but also the best esthetic one. Incisions used to surgically approach the orbital floor, possibly the lower orbital margin, are essentially 3:…”

Mechanisms of Development of Orbital Fractures: A Review

“…Causes of injuries are roughly classified into assault, fall, traffic accident, sports, workplace accident, and others. Although the rates of causes of injuries are affected by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the target population, 52 recent large population studies performed in the US, UK, Italy, and Germany showed that assault is the most common mechanism of injury, followed by falls and traffic accidents. [52][53][54][55][56][57] In Japan, assault is a less common mechanism of injury, while falls and sports are the more common ones.…”

“…Although the rates of causes of injuries are affected by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the target population, 52 recent large population studies performed in the US, UK, Italy, and Germany showed that assault is the most common mechanism of injury, followed by falls and traffic accidents. [52][53][54][55][56][57] In Japan, assault is a less common mechanism of injury, while falls and sports are the more common ones. 51 Since the safety for driving is improving due to advanced technology, the rate of traffic accidents is gradually decreasing.…”

Multidisciplinary Management of Complex Ophthalmic Craniofacial Trauma During Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Considerations for Treatment

“…In the presence of a great force directed to the lateral orbit resulting in complex zygomatic fracture with involvement of the internal and external cantus ligaments, the moving range of the eyeball decreases, facilitating rupture, and eventually, a bone fragment can be responsible for a scleral laceration. [2][3][4] When previous ophthalmological surgery has already been performed on the eyeball, the lesion usually involves the old scar. 5 These last 2 situations were responsible for the eyeball rupture in a 43 years old white male who was involved in a motor vehicle accident with a full face helmet break, reporting complex naso-orbito-ethmoidal type 2 fracture (according to Markowitz's Classification 6 ) involving anterior skull base (type 4 according to Sakas' classification 7 ) and cheekbone, associated with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea (Fig.…”

“…Pathogenesis of eyeball rupture can be various: in “simple” blow-out fractures, or in those with associated scleral laceration, it could be due to the fact that the trauma location is not frontal to the orbit or could occur if the eye is rotated to one side. In the presence of a great force directed to the lateral orbit resulting in complex zygomatic fracture with involvement of the internal and external cantus ligaments, the moving range of the eyeball decreases, facilitating rupture, and eventually, a bone fragment can be responsible for a scleral laceration 2–4 . When previous ophthalmological surgery has already been performed on the eyeball, the lesion usually involves the old scar 5 …”