We have performed a study of the isovector, octet and singlet axial charges of the proton in an extended chiral constituent quark model, where all the possible uudq q (q = u, d, s) five-quark Fock components in the proton wave function are taken into account. The 3 P0 quark-antiquark creation mechanism is assumed to account for the transition coupling between three-and five-quark components in proton, and the corresponding transition coupling strength is fixed by fitting the intrinsic sea flavor asymmetry d − ū data for proton. Accordingly, with all the parameters fixed by empirical values, the probabilities of the intrinsic five-quark Fock components in proton wave function should be ∼ 30 − 50%, which lead to the numerical results for quark spin ∆u, ∆d and ∆s, as well the axial charges of proton consistent with the experimental data and predictions by other theoretical approaches.