Orbita

Brominated Diamino Dihydroxyanthraquinones. Blue Dyes for Synthetic‐polymer Fibres

“…The dibromination of DNAR and DNCZ proceeded satisfactorily, but a more convenient route involved replacement of the sulphonic acid groups in DNAR-2,6-dis ul p h o n i c acid and DNCZ-2,7-disulphonic acid; such replacement [9] gave excellent yields of 2,6dibromo-DNAR and 2,7-dibronio-DNCZ which yielded VII and XlV on reduction (Syntheses E and L).…”

“…Typical of these are : [2,3], aqueous sodium hydroxide [4], aqueous media [5], a mixture of oleum. red phosphorus and sodium bromide [6] or bromine [7], followed by reduction (iii) nitration of the boric acid ester of 1 ,5 -dihydroxyanthraquinone, followed by bromination and reduction [8] (iv) replacement of the sulphonic acid groups in DNAR-2,6-disulphonic acid by bromine, followed by reduction [ 1,9] (v) bromination of DAAR-3-sulphonic acid, followed by desulphonation (vi) 'oxidative bromination' of 1,8-diaminoanthraquinone [ 111 or oxidation of 1 ,5-diamino-2,6-dibromoanthraquinone [ 121 (vii) tetra-bromination of 1,s-or 1,8-diaminoanthraquinones and hydrolysis of the a-bromo groups (viii) in situ bromination of the reduction product from 1 $-dihydroxy -4,5-din i t r o a n t h r aqu i no ne (di ni t r ochrvsazin, DNCZ). sulphuric acid…”

1,4‐Dihydroxyanthraquinone‐2‐thioethers. Dyes for Synthetic‐polymer Fibres

“…Reaction of XIV with acid chlorides and chloroformates was effected as for similar condensations of 2-chloro-4-nitro-4 -(N-Pc y a no e t h y 1 -N-Phydroxy e thyl) aminoazobenzene [9]; all XIV had reacted (t.1.c. control) after 1 h reaction using 2 rnol of reactive chloro compound, except in the synthesis of XXXI, when 4 mol of ethyl chlorothiolformate were utilized in view of the lower reactivity of this compound.…”

“…control) after 1 h reaction using 2 rnol of reactive chloro compound, except in the synthesis of XXXI, when 4 mol of ethyl chlorothiolformate were utilized in view of the lower reactivity of this compound. XIV condensed with isocyanates and isothiocyanates in anhydrous pyridine [9] ; 4 mol of isocyanates and 8-1 0 mol of isothiocyanates were necessary for satisfactory reaction, and in the latter case, reaction of XIV was incomplete after 24 h (cf. reference 9).…”

International Legal Scholarship and the Quest for Integrating Democratic and Participatory Principles in the Definition of Global Public Goods

“…154 At the same time, this strand of constitutionalism acknowledges that the indirect involvement of non-State actors in international law-making can enhance the legitimacy of global governance. 155 Despite their shortcomings, NGOs, as non-governmental entities, introduce an independent outlook into global affairs and they help put pressure on States to fulfil their international obligations. 156 NGOs have a well-documented history of identifying and lobbying for the increased protection of GPGs; the landmines campaign, debt relief, international certification of the diamond trade and access to medicine are good illustrations.…”