Orangic Chemical Compounds in Raw and Filtered Surface Waters

Braus, Harry; Middleton, F. M.; Walton, Graham

doi:10.1021/ac60056a031

Cited by 91 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…More recently Braus (1951) and his coworkers have taken up the problem, and attention is being focussed on the colored materials in sea water through the researches of Kalle (1949), Jerlov (1953) and Johnston (1955).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and Biological Studies on the Yellow Organic Acids of Lake Water1

Shapiro

1957

Limnology & Oceanography

182

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The yellow coloring matter of natural waters has been studied with particular emphasis on Lower Linsley Pond, Connecticut.The best method of isolation was by ethyl acetate extraction of acidified evaporation residues of filtered water.The material thus obtained was a mixture of colorless and colored carboxylic acids, the colored ones fluorescing under ultra-violet light. Numerous yellow fractions were distinguished through paper chromatography, none of which showed maxima in either their visible or ultra-violet absorption spectra. Chemical tests indicated a phenolic or enolic character with probable unsaturation.Elemental analyses showed 1.4% ash, no halogens or sulfur, and resulted in an empirical formula of (ChOH62027N)n. The nitrogen was believed to be an impurity, resulting in an empirical formula of CzlHzsOll on the basis of the determined mean molecular weight of 456. The mean equivalent weight of the mixture was 228. The salts of the acids were dialysable and the acids were amorphous as shown by x-ray diffraction.Infra-red spectroscopy of various derivatives indicated a mixture of hydroxy carboxylic acids and admitted the possibility of unsaturation and aromaticity, although the indications are that if aromaticity exists it is relatively inconsequential. The materials were very resistant to chemical oxidation.Lower Linsley Pond surface water contained between 4.5 and 9.0 milligrams of acids per liter, of which about 40% was estimated to be yellow. Raising the pH from 3 to 11 increased the color by 50%. Solutions of the salts obeyed Beer's law in the range studied from 5 to 70 mg/L. The materials may affect organisms through alteration of light and by their buffering action. They were reasonably stable to biological decomposition over a period of 4% months. Concentrations of up to 50 mg/L had no effect on pure cultures of Chlamydomonas Reinhardi, but Hematococcus pluvialis and Scenedesmus quadricauda were stimulated in their growth by concentrations of between 5 and 50 mg/L. The materials were able to retain iron in a filterable state at pH values up to 13.2.Eleven lakes showed very similar Chromatographic patterns on the same date and on different dates. Evidence is presented for the hypothesis that some of the numerous colored fractions are different salts of a small number of acids. It is concluded that the materials originate as a result of decomposition in soil and possibly in sediments as well. The name 'humolimnic acids' is suggested for the materials to indicate their probable relation but improbable equivalence with so-called 'humic' acids.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and Biological Studies on the Yellow Organic Acids of Lake Water1

Shapiro

1957

Limnology & Oceanography

182

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“…This evolution was ultimately critical to forensic science, which requires selective analytical methods for data to be useful in litigation. By 1951, Braus, Middleton andWalton (1951) of the U.S. Public Health Service had qualitatively analyzed raw and ®ltered surface waters for classes of organic chemicals. In 1953, Melpolder, War®eld and Headington of the Atlantic Re®ning Company were able to analyze for speci®c aliphatic volatile petroleum hydrocarbons in water down to 10 ppb using a mass spectrometer.…”

Section: Development Of Organic Analytical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Organic Analytical Methods in Environmental Forensic Chemistry

Wait

2000

Environmental Forensics

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“…Al though no parallel studies were made comparing the two methods, an esti mate of yield increase can be ob tained by combining the data from tables 1 and 14. By multiplying the average yield ratios from these two tables [see Eq (1)], an approx imation of the increased yield of the O-CA method over the high-flow CAM results. CCE-lf CCE-m CCE-m -----X ----= ----(1*) CCE-hf CCE-lf CCE-hf tOne of the six replicates produced a surpris ingly low concentration.…”

Section: Jmay Have Been Influenced By Contaminated Solventmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 The procedure was adopted as a "tenta tive" standard method effective Mar. 1,1962. An alternate to the original sampling device was proposed by Taylor, Smith, and Coene in 1964s and was subsequently included in the 12th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination oj Water and Wastewater.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Improved Method for Determining Organics by Activated Carbon Adsorption and Solvent Extraction—Part I

Buelow¹,

Carswell²,

Symons³

1973

Journal AWWA

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Increasingly, organics in water are receiving attention. According to the authors of this article, there has been no apparatus that combines the features of low cost, reliability, portability, and ease of use until now.Here is a first installment, detailing the apparatus and describing, gen erally, the ramifications of testing. In March, the JOURNAL will publish complete test procedures.*Because the concentration of CCE may vary, depending upon the method of collection and extraction, additional lower-case letters are pro posed to identify the method used to obtain the data.

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Orangic Chemical Compounds in Raw and Filtered Surface Waters

Cited by 91 publications

References 6 publications

Chemical and Biological Studies on the Yellow Organic Acids of Lake Water1

Chemical and Biological Studies on the Yellow Organic Acids of Lake Water1

Evolution of Organic Analytical Methods in Environmental Forensic Chemistry

An Improved Method for Determining Organics by Activated Carbon Adsorption and Solvent Extraction—Part I

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