Orange Mesocarp Extract as a Natural Surfactant: Impact on Fluid–Fluid and Fluid–Rock Interactions during Chemical Flooding

Abstract

Surfactant flooding has suffered a huge setback owing to its cost and the ecotoxic nature of synthetic surfactants. The potential of natural surfactants for enhanced oil recovery has attracted a great deal of research interest in recent times. In this research, orange mesocarp extract (OME) was studied as a potential green surface-active agent in recovering heavy oil. The extract obtained from the orange (Citrus sinensis) mesocarp using alkaline water as solvent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry . Phase behavior was studied to ascertain its stability at 100 °C and compatibility with divalent ions. Microemulsion system, interfacial tension, optimal salinity, and critical micelle concentration were analyzed to evaluate the surfactant. Oil displacement analysis using an oil−wet sandstone medium under reservoir conditions was performed. Surfactant adsorption mechanism on the core was investigated at atmospheric conditions (28 °C) using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and linear isotherm models, while the kinetics pattern was modeled with the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich models. Results showed fluid compatibility and bicontinuous microemulsion at varied temperatures. Surfactant flooding produced an additional oil recovery of 44 and 29.1%, which confirms the capability of this natural surfactant in recovering heavy oil. Langmuir isotherm gave the highest correlation coefficient (R 2 ) value of 0.982, indicating that the adsorption of the surfactant (OME) on the core occurred at specific homogeneous sites, which when occupied by a higher surfactant concentration will disallow further adsorption on these sites. From the R 2 values, almost all of the kinetic models corroborated good adsorption capacity of the core and an affinity for the surfactant at low concentration. This indicates that low concentration of the surfactant may not favor the enhanced oil recovery operation due to adsorption in the reservoirs, hence the need to flood at a higher surfactant concentration.

Advancements in Characterization Techniques for Microemulsions: From Molecular Insights to Macroscopic Phenomena

“…These versatile solutions are valuable across various industries, including pharmaceuticals, food, petroleum, and chemicals. With droplet sizes typically ranging from 10 to 100 nm [ 8 , 9 ], microemulsions possess the unique ability to achieve ultra-low interfacial tension, a property often leveraged to enhance processes such as oil recovery [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. According to the IUPAC, the dispersed domain of microemulsions varies in diameter from approximately 1 to 100 nm, with a common range falling between 10 and 50 nm [ 14 ].…”