Orange Juice Processing Waste as a Biopolymer Base for Biodegradable Film Formation Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofiber and Activated with Nettle Essential Oil

Abstract

Concerns about environmental problems have led to the development of biodegradable packaging. Food wastes as a byproduct could be a good source for biopolymers. This study described the physical and antimicrobial features of nano biocomposite lms based on orange waste powder (OWP) with different concentrations of nettle essential oil (NEO) (1.5 and 3 %) as an antibacterial agent and cellulose nano ber (CNF) (3 and 6 %) as a structural reinforcement. Thus, tensile strength, elongation at break, water vapor permeability, FE-SEM, FTIR, XRD, DSC, and antimicrobial properties were investigated. As a result, adding CNF improved the tensile strength and water barrier properties of the samples. Compared to the control lm, adding NEO (3 %) decreased the tensile strength but increased water vapor permeability and melting temperature. Moreover, the OWP lm samples had an antimicrobial effect against ve foodborne pathogens. Although, adding NEO increased antimicrobial properties, adding CNF did not exhibit antimicrobial effects. Consequently, orange waste could be used to produce an active lm with improved physicomechanical and antibacterial properties by incorporating CNF and NEO.

Sustainable Applications of Nanofibers in Agriculture and Water Treatment: A Review

“…Polyvinyl alcohol/starch nanocomposite film reinforced with cellulose nanofiber of sugarcane bagasse was produced using alkaline acid treatment under ultrasonication Nanocomposite film reinforced with cellulose nanofiber [46] Using wastes of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) as lignocellulosic biomass using microwave-assisted ethanol solvent treatment to produce cellulose nanofiber Cellulose nanofibers [52] Lignocellulosic nanofiber can be produced by washing the Eucalyptus sawdust with an aqueous surfactant solution Bio-nanocomposite films [47] Wastes obtained from orange juice processing can be used to obtain biodegradable film of reinforced cellulose nanofiber Nano-biocomposite films [48] Using pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract beside polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyvinyl alcohol Nanofibers for cosmeceutical purposes [53] Quinoa wastes incorporated with multi-walled C-nano tubes-ZnO can be used to obtain natural cellulose fibers Bio-nanocomposite [49] Producing cellulose nanofibers obtained from the discarded wooden bark of Kozo plant by acidified sodium chlorite and acetic acid Cellulose nanofibers [50] In vitro assay of nanofibers obtained from ethanolic extract of pomegranate peel used electrospinning method Gelatin nanofiber [51] Peach branches used under high-pressure homogeneous to produce peach branches-cellulose nanofiber Nanofiber reinforcer of gelatin hydrogel [41] Crystalline nanocellulose was generated using coconut husk, and rice husk by hydrolysis disintegration Mechanically reinforced polymer composites [43] Nanocellulose incorporated in poly-lactic acid matrix obtained from cotton wastes by acid hydrolysis Production of nanocellulose [54] Producing cellulose nanofiber from pineapple leaf wastes, which reinforced into a polystyrene substrate…”

“…Cellulose nanofibers could be divided into cellulose nanofibrils and cellulose nanocrystals (diameter 5-30 and 3-10 nm, respectively), which are described as flexible, long, rope-like fibers with both crystalline and amorphous regions [44]. Several studies were published concerning the use of different agro-wastes in producing the nanofibers such as wastes of coconut husk and rice husk [43], wastes of pineapple leaves [45], sugarcane bagasse [46], Eucalyptus sawdust [47], wastes obtained from orange juice processing [48], quinoa wastes [49], discarded wooden bark of Kozo plant [50], pomegranate peel [51], and wastes of peach branches [41]. A survey of the most recent published articles regarding the use of agro-wastes in producing nanofibers is listed in Table 2.…”

“…Due to their low price, availability, and desirable properties, petroleum-based plastics are widely used as food packaging materials. These such plastic materials are nonbiodegradable, causing many environmental problems reducing food safety due to the migration of some compounds such as monomers, plasticizers, and solvent residues from plastics into the food [48]. Functionalized nanomaterials driven antimicrobial food packaging are considered promising solutions as alternative substances for food packing [117].…”

“…Functionalized nanomaterials driven antimicrobial food packaging are considered promising solutions as alternative substances for food packing [117]. The sustainable and green sources for producing edible films for food packaging have been widely used, such as many fruit and vegetable purees as wastes resulting from food processing [48]. Thus, nano-based filler compounds, including cellulose nanofibers, nano-clay, and nanometals, were utilized to improve the mechanical, physical, and gas inhibitory properties of edible films (Table 5).…”

“…The synthetic material-based composites should be replaced by natural ones in several manufacturing industries, such as the field of textiles, which flax was used in ancient Egypt nearly 7000 years ago [3]. The cellulose is the most important component of the lignocellulosic natural fibers, which many plants could order their content of cellulose (%) as follows straw of rice (41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57), leaf of date palm (46), leaf of abaca (56)(57)(58)(59)(60)(61)(62)(63), bast of jute (61)(62)(63)(64)(65)(66)(67)(68)(69)(70)(71), leaf of banana , leaf of sisal (65), bast of hemp (68), bast of ramie (68.6-76.2), bast of flax (71), bast of kenaf (72), leaf of curaua (73.6), leaf of pineapple (81), bast of nettle (81)…”