Orange is the new white: rapid curing of an ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer with a Ti-bisphenolate type catalyst

Mauri, Massimiliano; Svenningsson, Leo; Hjertberg, Thomas; Nordstierna, Lars; Prieto, Óscar; Müller, Christian

doi:10.1039/c7py01840a

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…To avoid by‐products associated with peroxide crosslinking, we as well as others have recently explored alternative curing concepts based on click chemistry‐type reactions involving a statistical ethylene–glycidyl methacrylate copolymer, p(E‐ stat ‐GMA), which is commonly used as a compatibilizer for polymer blends . In particular, we found that blending of p(E‐ stat ‐GMA) with a statistical ethylene–acrylic acid copolymer, p(E‐ stat ‐AA), results in a formulation that can be extruded below 140 °C, but allows rapid curing during less than 5 min above 160 °C through a click chemistry‐type reaction between epoxy and carboxyl groups .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Click chemistry‐type crosslinking of a low‐conductivity polyethylene copolymer ternary blend for power cable insulation

Mauri

Hofmann

Gómez-Heincke

et al. 2020

Polymer International

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High‐voltage direct‐current power cables are vital for the efficient transport of electricity derived from renewable sources of energy. The most widely used material for high‐voltage power cable insulation – low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) – is usually crosslinked with peroxides, a process that releases unwanted by‐products. Hence, by‐product‐free crosslinking concepts that mitigate the associated increase in electrical conductivity are in high demand. Click chemistry‐type crosslinking of polyethylene copolymer mixtures that contain glycidyl methacrylate and acrylic acid co‐monomers is a promising alternative, provided that the curing reaction can be controlled. Here, we demonstrate that the rate of the curing reaction can be adjusted by tuning the number of epoxy and carboxyl groups. Both dilution of copolymer mixtures with neat LDPE and the selection of copolymers with a lower co‐monomer content have an equivalent effect on the curing speed. Ternary blends that contain 50 wt% of neat LDPE feature an extended extrusion window of up to 170 °C. Instead, at 200 °C rapid curing is possible, leading to thermosets with a low direct‐current electrical conductivity of about 10−16 S cm−1 at an electric field of 20 kV mm−1 and 70 °C. The conductivity of the blends explored here is comparable to or even lower than values measured for both ultraclean LDPE and a peroxide‐cured commercial crosslinked polyethylene grade. Hence, click chemistry curing represents a promising alternative to radical crosslinking with peroxides. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Click chemistry‐type crosslinking of a low‐conductivity polyethylene copolymer ternary blend for power cable insulation

Mauri

Hofmann

Gómez-Heincke

et al. 2020

Polymer International

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“…We as well as others have recently explored the viability of a click chemistry type curing of polyethylene copolymers that feature epoxy functional groups as part of a glycidyl methacrylate comonomer. [21][22][23] Such ethyleneglycidyl methacrylate copolymers are widely used for reactive processing -a common tool for the compatibilization of polymer blends -which, however, requires that the degree of crosslinking is kept low in order to not compromise the flow properties of the resin. [24][25][26][27][28] A variety of functional groups such as amines, carboxylic acids and phenols can react with oxirane rings, 29 which opens up the possibility for crosslinking with bifunctional curing agents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22 In another study, we reduced the curing time at 200 1C to only 2 min by combining a phenol-based crosslinking agent with a titanium-based Lewis acid. 23 The electrical conductivity of click-chemistry cured copolymers has not yet been characterized. Even though the glycidyl methacrylate comonomer reduces the purity of the insulation material, the polar groups are not necessarily harmful and, in some cases, can even improve the electrical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Byproduct-free curing of a highly insulating polyethylene copolymer blend: an alternative to peroxide crosslinking

et al. 2018

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“…Recently, other types of copolymer blends with similar electromechanical properties to XLPE have gained interest among materials scientists [19,22,[29][30][31][32][33]. For example, [19,22] investigated polyethylene-based copolymers in terms of structural, morphological, mechanical and electrical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, [19,22] investigated polyethylene-based copolymers in terms of structural, morphological, mechanical and electrical properties. In previous studies [29][30][31][32][33], we have introduced a byproduct-free crosslinking method based on click chemistry-type reactions for the development of polyethylene-based insulations. In these novel materials, there is no trace of detrimental by-products, and therefore the degassing process, which is a long and costly part of high-voltage cable manufacturing, is omitted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Characterization of a New Crosslinked Copolymer Blend for DC Cable Insulation

Kumara

Hammarström

et al. 2020

Energies

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To design reliable high voltage cables, clean materials with superior insulating properties capable of operating at high electric field levels at elevated temperatures are required. This study aims at the electrical characterization of a byproduct-free crosslinked copolymer blend, which is seen as a promising alternative to conventional peroxide crosslinked polyethylene currently used for high voltage direct current cable insulation. The characterization entails direct current (DC) conductivity, dielectric response and surface potential decay measurements at different temperatures and electric field levels. In order to quantify the insulating performance of the new material, the electrical properties of the copolymer blend are compared with those of two reference materials; i.e., low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and peroxide crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE). It is found that, for electric fields of 10–50 kV/mm and temperatures varying from 30 °C to 70 °C, the DC conductivity of the copolymer blend is in the range of 10−17–10−13 S/m, which is close to the conductivity of crosslinked polyethylene. Furthermore, the loss tangent of the copolymer blend is about three to four times lower than that of crosslinked polyethylene and its magnitude is on the level of 0.01 at 50 °C and 0.12 at 70 °C (measured at 0.1 mHz and 6.66 kV/mm). The apparent conductivity and trap density distributions deduced from surface potential decay measurements also confirmed that the new material has electrical properties at least as good as currently used insulation materials based on XLPE (not byproduct-free). Thus, the proposed byproduct-free crosslinked copolymer blend has a high potential as a prospective insulation medium for extruded high voltage DC cables.

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Orange is the new white: rapid curing of an ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer with a Ti-bisphenolate type catalyst

Abstract: The here established crosslinking chemistry opens up a by-product free method for rapid curing of epoxy-functionalised polyethylenes.

Cited by 12 publications

References 39 publications

Click chemistry‐type crosslinking of a low‐conductivity polyethylene copolymer ternary blend for power cable insulation

Click chemistry‐type crosslinking of a low‐conductivity polyethylene copolymer ternary blend for power cable insulation

Byproduct-free curing of a highly insulating polyethylene copolymer blend: an alternative to peroxide crosslinking

Electrical Characterization of a New Crosslinked Copolymer Blend for DC Cable Insulation

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