Oral Versus Gastrointestinal Mucosal Immune Niches in Homeostasis and Allostasis

Suárez, Lina J; Arboleda, Silie; Angelov, Nikola; Arce, Roger M.

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.705206

Cited by 30 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 174 publications

(290 reference statements)

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“…Further than preventing external colonization, imbalanced oral microbiota based on the most recent studies has been directly implicated in the apparition of multiple oral pathologies [ 4 , 31 , 33 , 46 ]. Tooth decay and periodontitis are the most common and costliest chronic oral pathologies, while oral cancer has also been linked to the presence of buccal dysbiosis [ 29 , 44 , 93 , 94 ]. In line with these findings, several studies provide association between periodontal disease and increased risk of cancer affecting distant organs [ 95 , 96 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oral Microbiota, Its Equilibrium and Implications in the Pathophysiology of Human Diseases: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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Imbalances of the oral microbiota and dysbiosis have traditionally been linked to the occurrence of teeth and oral diseases. However, recent findings indicate that this microbiota exerts relevant influence in systemic health. Dysbiosis of the oral microbiota is implicated in the apparition and progression of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and other major human diseases. In fact, the oral microbiota are the second most diverse and largely populated microbiota of the human body and its relationships with systemic health, although widely explored, they still lack of proper integration. The purpose of this systematic review is thus to widely examine the implications of oral microbiota in oral, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases to offer integrative and up-to-date interpretations. To achieve that aim, we identified a total of 121 studies curated in PUBMED from the time interval January 2003–April 2022, which after careful screening resulted in 79 studies included. The reviewed scientific literature provides plausible vias of implication of dysbiotic oral microbiota in systemic human diseases, and encourages further research to continue elucidating the highly relevant and still poorly understood implications of this niche microbiota in systemic health. PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42022299692. This systematic review follows relevant PRISMA guidelines.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the gut microbiome, the second most diverse and largely populated microbiome in the mammal body is in the oral cavity [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Although gut and brain interactions have been explored, the interactions between the oral microbiome and the brain still remain mostly unexplored.…”

Section: Oral Microbiome and Systemic Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Microbiota, Its Equilibrium and Implications in the Pathophysiology of Human Diseases: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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“…Barrier organs such as mucosa from the oral–gut axis and skin, which are in continuous contact with external agents, including possible infectious agents, must be able to differentiate between physiological and pathological agents and subsequently activate immune responses according to the type of stimuli [ 29 ]. Mucosal tissues surrounding implants are no exception to this rule, and innate and adaptive host responses within the oral mucosa have been associated with the progression of peri-implant disease [ 30 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcription Factor AhR, Cytokines IL-6 and IL-22 in Subjects with and without Peri-Implantitis: A Case Control-Study

Martins

Grzech‐Leśniak

Santos

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Peri-implantitis is a plaque-associated condition characterized by mucosal inflammation and subsequent progressive loss of supporting bone; it is caused by bacterial biofilm, but the host response triggered by bacterial stimulation promotes the release of cells and mediators that culminate in tissue destruction. The Aryl-hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) is associated with IL-22 production by Th22 and Th17 CD4+ Th cells. The presence of IL-6 may promote the Th22 phenotype. The present case-control study evaluated the gene expression of AhR, IL-22, and IL-6 in the peri-implant tissues of healthy and peri-implantitis patients. Tissue biopsies were collected from thirty-five volunteers (15 healthy and 20 with peri-implantitis). A real-time PCR reaction was utilized to assess the AhR, IL-22, and IL-6 gene expression levels relative to the reference gene (GAPDH). The results were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test with a significance level of 5%. Higher levels of gene expression of AhR and IL-6 were detected in peri-implantitis tissues. The IL-22 gene expression levels did not differ between groups. In conclusion, higher gene expression levels for AhR and IL-6 were detected in the soft tissues of peri-implantitis patients. IL-22 did not vary between conditions, which may indicate the loss of the immunomodulatory role of IL-22 in periimplantitis.

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“…These bacteria are usually balanced to form a community (bacterial biota). Indigenous bacteria have beneficial effects on living organisms, such as acting against invasion and colonization by foreign pathogenic microorganisms, stimulating the immune system, enhancing host resistance and immune response, and synthesizing vitamins metabolites used by the living host body ( 19 , 20 ). In contrast, such bacteria can also disadvantage the host by causing infectious disease in an easily infected host (opportunistic infection), or via pathogenic replacement, in which resident pathogenic microorganisms become predominant following reduction of the normal biota by antibacterial drugs.…”

Section: Human-microorganism Symbiosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral and Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Central Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis

et al. 2022

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Gut microbiota play many important roles, such as the regulation of immunity and barrier function in the intestine, and are crucial for maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. The disruption in microbiota is called dysbiosis, which has been associated with various chronic inflammatory conditions, food allergies, colorectal cancer, etc. The gut microbiota is also affected by several other factors such as diet, antibiotics and other medications, or bacterial and viral infections. Moreover, there are some reports on the oral-gut-liver axis indicating that the disruption of oral microbiota affects the intestinal biota. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the systemic diseases caused due to the dysregulation of the oral-gut-liver axis. NAFLD is the most common liver disease reported in the developed countries. It includes liver damage ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and cancer. Recently, accumulating evidence supports an association between NAFLD and dysbiosis of oral and gut microbiota. Periodontopathic bacteria, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis, have been correlated with the pathogenesis and development of NAFLD based on the clinical and basic research, and immunology. P. gingivalis was detected in the liver, and lipopolysaccharide from this bacteria has been shown to be involved in the progression of NAFLD, thereby indicating a direct role of P. gingivalis in NAFLD. Moreover, P. gingivalis induces dysbiosis of gut microbiota, which promotes the progression of NAFLD, through disrupting both metabolic and immunologic pathways. Here, we review the roles of microbial dysbiosis in NAFLD. Focusing on P. gingivalis, we evaluate and summarize the most recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between oral-gut microbiome symbiosis and the pathogenesis and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as discuss novel strategies targeting both P. gingivalis and microbial dysbiosis.

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Oral Versus Gastrointestinal Mucosal Immune Niches in Homeostasis and Allostasis

Cited by 30 publications

References 174 publications

Oral Microbiota, Its Equilibrium and Implications in the Pathophysiology of Human Diseases: A Systematic Review

Oral Microbiota, Its Equilibrium and Implications in the Pathophysiology of Human Diseases: A Systematic Review

Transcription Factor AhR, Cytokines IL-6 and IL-22 in Subjects with and without Peri-Implantitis: A Case Control-Study

Oral and Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Central Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis

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