Oral Rabies Vaccination Variation in Tetracycline Biomarking Among Ohio Raccoons

Algeo, Timothy P.; Norhenberg, Gary; Hale, Robert L.; Montoney, Andrew J.; Chipman, Richard B.; Slate, Dennis

doi:10.7589/2011-11-327

Cited by 15 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Even though TTCC deposition may be lower in premolar teeth than in canine teeth or mandibular bone (Algeo et al 2013;Slate et al 2014), the population TTCC response was consistent with the RVNA analysis in estimating the fractions of the raccoon population affected by ORV in this study. The top population-level models of RVNA seroconversion and TTCC response during the field trial did not include location, and thus were similar across all study cells (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Field Trials of Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait in the Northeastern Usa, 2012–14

Gilbert

Johnson

Nelson

et al. 2018

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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In the US, rabies virus (RV) has been enzootic in raccoons ( Procyon lotor) since the late 1940s. Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) was implemented in the 1990s to halt the spread of raccoon RV and continues to be used as a wildlife management tool. Our objective was to evaluate a recombinant human adenovirus-rabies virus glycoprotein vaccine in northern New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire over a 3-yr period, using changes in RV neutralizing antibody (RVNA) seroprevalence in raccoon populations as an immunologic index of ORV impact. Vaccine baits were distributed at 75 baits/km and 750-m flight-line spacing in the study area. Animal sampling occurred during 10-d intervals pre- and post-ORV during 2012-14 within eight study cells: four northern cells had a history of ORV with a different vaccine for 3 or more years prior and four southern cells were ORV naive. Baseline raccoon RVNA seroprevalence was 27.3% ( n=1,079, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 24.8-30.1) before ORV in 2012. Raccoon RVNA seroprevalence averaged 68.5% ( n=1,551, 95% CI: 66.2-70.8) post-ORV during the 3-yr study. The RVNA seroprevalence levels in this study were considered to be adequate for stopping raccoon RV transmission and supported and expanded the results from a West Virginia field trial, as well as earlier evaluations along the Canada-US border.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Field Trials of Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait in the Northeastern Usa, 2012–14

Gilbert

Johnson

Nelson

et al. 2018

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…Assuming the tetracycline prevalence in our study was indicative of the response that would have been observed in an ORV naïve area, the increase in tetracycline prevalence from ,1% to 54.2% after 3 yr of baiting suggests ONRAB would have resulted in a higher antibody prevalence if ORV had not occurred previously. Even though a tetracycline biomarker can be used to assess bait consumption, it does not always signify concurrent antibody development (Rosatte et al 2008) and can vary, depending on the tissues selected for analysis (Algeo et al 2013). Partial bait consumption can result in tetracycline detection but may be insufficient for development of an antibody response (Brown et al 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raccoon (Procyon Lotor) Response to Ontario Rabies Vaccine Baits (Onrab) in St. Lawrence County, New York, Usa

Pedersen

Gilbert

Nelson

et al. 2019

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) campaigns have been conducted annually in the US over the past two decades to prevent raccoon (Procyon lotor) rabies, which is enzootic along the eastern region of the country from southeastern Canada to Alabama. Because raccoon rabies has been eliminated from neighboring Canadian provinces, continued detection of the variant in the US is of concern due to the potential for infected raccoons to cross the border via the St. Lawrence River. Ontario Rabies Vaccine Baits (ONRAB) containing a live, recombinant human adenovirus expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein have been under experimental use in the US since 2011. We distributed ONRAB in St. Lawrence County, New York, from 2013 to 2015 as part of field trials to evaluate serologic responses in raccoons. Prior to ONRAB distribution, rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) seroprevalence in raccoons was 45.2% (183 of 405) and increased to 57.7% (165 of 286) after 3 yr of ONRAB baiting. Postbait RVNA seroprevalence increased each year, with a lower response observed in juvenile compared with adult raccoons. The pre-ONRAB seroprevalence detected in 2013 was relatively high and was likely impacted both by elevated rabies activity in the county and the use of ORV with a different vaccine bait for 14 consecutive years prior to our study. Tetracycline biomarker prevalence increased from 1.4% prior to ONRAB baiting to 51.3% from 2013 to 2015, demonstrating bait palatability to raccoons. These data complemented related field trials conducted in West Virginia and the northeastern US.

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“…We euthanized and tested suspect rabid animals (Lembo et al 2006, Rupprecht et al 2014) and shipped rabies positives to the CDC in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, or the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) Rabies Laboratory in Slingerlands, New York, USA, for confirmation and rabies virus variant typing. We sedated captured raccoons with no suggestive signs of rabies using an intramuscular injection of 5:1 ketamine:xylazine (Kreeger 1999), marked them with unique numbered ear tags, collected blood for rabies virus neutralizing antibody (rVNA) determination at CDC (Smith et al 1973, 1996) or NYSDOH (Trimarchi et al 1996), and extracted a first premolar for age and biomarker analysis (Johnston et al 1987, Algeo et al 2013). We recorded date and global positioning system (GPS) coordinates for target and non‐target captures.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabies Management Implications Based on Raccoon Population Density Indexes

et al. 2020

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An estimate or index of target species density is important in determining oral rabies vaccination (ORV) bait densities to control and eliminate specific rabies variants. From 1997–2011, we indexed raccoon (Procyon lotor) densities 253 times based on cumulative captures on 163 sites from Maine to Alabama, USA, near ORV zones created to prevent raccoon rabies from spreading to new areas. We conducted indexing under a common cage trapping protocol near the time of annual ORV to aid in bait density decisions. Unique raccoons (n = 8,415) accounted for 68.0% of captures (n = 12,367). We recaptured raccoons 2,669 times. We applied Schnabel and Huggins mark‐recapture models on sites with ≥3 years of capture data and ≥25% recaptures as context for raccoon density indexes (RDIs). Simple linear relationships between RDIs and mark‐recapture estimates supported application of our index. Raccoon density indexes ranged from 0.0–56.9 raccoons/km2. For bait density decisions, we evaluated RDIs in the following 4 raccoon density groups, which were statistically different: (0.0–5.0 [n = 70], 5.1–15.0 [n = 129], 15.1–25.0 [n = 31], and >25.0 raccoons/km2 [n = 23]). Mean RDI was positively associated with a higher percentage of developed land cover and a lower percentage of evergreen forest. Non‐target species composition (excluding recaptured raccoons) accounted for 32.0% of captures. Potential bait competitors accounted for 76.5% of non‐targets. The opossum (Didelphis virginiana) was the primary potential bait competitor from 27°N to 44°N latitude, north of which it was numerically replaced by the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis). We selected the RDI approach over mark‐recapture methods because of costs, geographic scope, staff availability, and the need for supplemental serologic samples. The 4 density groups provided adequate sensitivity to support bait density decisions for the current 2 bait density options. Future improvements to the method include providing random trapping locations to field personnel to prevent trap clustering and marking non‐targets to better characterize bait competitors. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.

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Oral Rabies Vaccination Variation in Tetracycline Biomarking Among Ohio Raccoons

Cited by 15 publications

References 22 publications

Field Trials of Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait in the Northeastern Usa, 2012–14

Field Trials of Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait in the Northeastern Usa, 2012–14

Raccoon (Procyon Lotor) Response to Ontario Rabies Vaccine Baits (Onrab) in St. Lawrence County, New York, Usa

Rabies Management Implications Based on Raccoon Population Density Indexes

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