Oral Papillomatosis: Its Relation with Human Papilloma Virus Infection and Local Immunity—An Update

Abstract

Oral papilloma lesions may appear as a result of HPV infection, or not, and only special molecular methods could differentiate them. Low-risk and high-risk HPV types could induce oral HPV papillomatosis with different natural evolution, clearance and persistence mechanisms. The pathogenic mechanisms are based on the crosstalk between the oral epithelial and immune cells and this very efficient virus. HPV acts as a direct inducer in the process of transforming a benign lesion into a malignant one, the cancerization process being also debated in this paper. According to the degree of malignity, three types of papillomatous lesions can be described in the oral cavity: benign lesions, potential malign disorders and malignant lesions. The precise molecular diagnostic is important to identify the presence of various virus types and also the virus products responsible for its oncogenicity. An accurate diagnostic of oral papilloma can be established through a good knowledge of etiological and epidemiological factors, clinical examination and laboratory tests. This review intends to update the pathogenic mechanisms driving the macroscopic and histological features of oral papillomatosis having HPV infection as the main etiological factor, focusing on its interreference in the local immunity. In the absence of an accurate molecular diagnostic and knowledge of local immunological conditions, the therapeutic strategy could be difficult to decide.

Involvement of TLR9 in priming the immune response in oral papillomatosis induced by low-risk HPV

“…The capacity of HR-HPV to induce tumor transformation by the efficient evasion of all steps in the cascade of innate immune recognition, initiating with down-regulated signaling pathways in the infected Kcs is well documented [ 39 , 46 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ]. As a response, Kcs fail to synthetize proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of APCs is impaired [ 58 , 64 , 65 ].…”

Unveiling the Human Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiome: The Past, Present, and Future of Metagenomics

“…On the contrary, the oral virome contains different types of viruses, including Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), hepatitis, and mumps viruses, as well as Herpes simplex and Rabies lyssavirus , which all have been found in saliva and are usually disease-associated. For instance, Herpes simplex is responsible for gingivostomatitis, whereas HPV causes several oral conditions such as focal epithelial hyperplasia, oral papillomatosis or even neck squamous cell carcinoma [ 28 ].…”

Papiloma oral de células escamosas na papila interincisiva: Revisão da literatura em um relato de caso

“…El papiloma oral de células escamosas (PCE) es definido como una proliferación exofítica localizada, caracterizada por proyecciones de apariencia "verrugosa" o similares a una "coliflor"; su coloración varía del blanco al rosado/rojizo dependiendo del nivel de vascularización y queratinización (Zahid et al,2022;Betz, 2019;Andrei et al, 2022). Comúnmente aparece como una lesión solitaria que puede alcanzar un máximo de 1 cm de diámetro, aunque rara vez sobrepasa los 5 mm (Zahid et al,2022;Betz, 2019).…”

“…(Betz, 2019;Orrù et al, 2019;Fiorillo et al, 2021;Ghassan, 2023;Syrjänen et al, 2018). La ubicación topográfica común del PCE incluye paladar, lengua, labios y encías; sin embargo, cualquier sitio de la boca puede verse afectado (Zahid et al,2022;Betz, 2019;Andrei et al, 2022;Fiorillo et al, 2021;Toledano et al, 2019;Orenuga et al, 2018;Araújo et al, 2019;Babaji et al, 2014;Vanishree et al, 2022;Chaitanya et al, 2018;Di Spirito et al, 2023).…”