Oral Mucosal Epithelial Cells

Groeger, Sabine; Meyle, Joerg

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00208

Cited by 255 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 262 publications

(245 reference statements)

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“…There are literatures suggesting that salivary oxidative damage products could generally reflect the content of plasma ( Maciejczyk et al, 2019 ), which could enter saliva via gingival crevicular fluid ( Siqueira Walter and Dawes, 2011 ), while mouth breathing could affect children’s general health ( Flutter, 2006 ; Kuroishi et al, 2015 ). Some cytokines and bacterial products may lead to host immune reaction, and oral epithelial cells could produce diverse proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines ( Groeger and Meyle, 2019 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations in Oral–Nasal–Pharyngeal Microbiota and Salivary Proteins in Mouth-Breathing Children

Fan

Guo

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

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Mouth breathing induces a series of diseases, while the influence on microbiota of oral cavity and salivary proteins remains unknown. In this study, for the first time, profiles of oral–nasal–pharyngeal microbiota among mouth-breathing children (MB group, n = 10) were compared with paired nose-breathing children (NB group, n = 10) using 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (V3–V4 region) high-throughput sequencing. The differentially expressed salivary proteins were revealed using label-free quantification (LFQ) method, and their associations with bacterial abundance were measured by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The overall bacterial profiles differed between the two groups, and the differences were related to the duration of mouth breathing. The diversity of oral–pharyngeal microbiota was significantly higher, and the nasal–pharyngeal species tended to be consistent (unweighted UniFrac, p = 0.38) in the MB group. Opportunistic pathogens were higher in relative abundance as follows: Acinetobacter in the anterior supragingival plaque, Neisseria in unstimulated saliva, Streptococcus pneumoniae in the pharynx, and Stenotrophomonas in the nostrils. The expression level of oxidative-stress-related salivary proteins (lactoylglutathione lyase and peroxiredoxin-5) were upregulated, while immune-related proteins (integrin alpha-M and proteasome subunit alpha type-1) were downregulated in MB group. The differentially expressed proteins were associated with specific bacteria, indicating their potentials as candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis, putatively early intervention, and therapeutic target of mouth breathing. This study showed that mouth breathing influences the oral–nasal–pharyngeal microbiota and enriches certain pathogens, accompanied with the alterations in the salivary environment. Further research on the pathological mechanisms and dynamic changes in longitudinal studies are warranted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations in Oral–Nasal–Pharyngeal Microbiota and Salivary Proteins in Mouth-Breathing Children

Fan

Guo

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

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“…The alveolar bones are lined with different types of mucosal epithelia, having various characteristics. The attached gingival epithelium constitutes of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, while the sulcus epithelium appears to be stratified and non-keratinized [ 36 , 37 ]. The keratinized mucosa highly resembles the skin [ 38 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epinephrine penetrates through gingival sulcus unlike keratinized gingiva and evokes remote vasoconstriction in human

et al. 2020

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Background It has been demonstrated in non-oral tissues that the locally evoked vasoconstriction could elicit remote vasoconstriction. This study aimed to investigate the spreading vasoconstrictor effects of epinephrine in the gingiva. Methods Gingival blood flow (GBF) was measured by laser speckle contrast imager in 21 healthy volunteers. In group A, two wells were fabricated from orthodontic elastic ligature and placed 2 mm apically to the free gingival margin at the mid buccal line of 12 (test side) and 21 (control side) teeth. The GBF was measured in the wells and tightly apical, coronal, distal and mesial to the wells. In group B, the wells were made on the buccal surface of the same teeth, including the gingival sulcus. Four regions were selected for measurement from the gingival margin reaching the mucogingival line (coronal, midway1, midway2 and apical). After the baseline recording, 3 µg epinephrine was applied into the test, and physiological saline into the control well. The GBF was recorded for 14 min. The gingival thickness was measured with a PIROP Ultrasonic Biometer. Results In group A, the GBF did not increase or decrease after the application of epinephrine. In group B, the GBF significantly decreased in all regions of the test side and remained low for the observation period. The vasoconstriction appeared with delays in more apical regions (at min 1 in the coronal and the midway1, at min 2 in the midway2, at min 4 in the apical region). Similarly, the amount of the decrease at 14 min was the largest close to sulcus (− 53 ± 2.9%), followed by the midway1 (− 51 ± 2.8%) and midway2 (− 42 ± 4.2%) and was the lowest in the apical region (− 32 ± 5.8%). No correlation was found between GBF and gingival thickness. Conclusion Epinephrine could evoke intense vasoconstriction propagating to the mucogingival junction, indicating the presence of spreading vasoconstriction in the human gingiva. The attached gingiva is impermeable to epinephrine, unlike the gingival sulcus. This trial was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov titled as Evidence of Spreading Vasoconstriction in Human Gingiva with the reference number of NCT04131283 on 16 October 2019. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04131283

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“…Although often overlooked, the first interaction of milk components with the infants mucosa occurs in the oral cavity, a site that needs to maintain an intact epithelial barrier and contains mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) 12,13 . To determine whether milk EVs play a role in maintenance of the physical epithelial integrity, we performed a gap closure assay with gingival epithelial cells in the presence of milk EVs.…”

Section: Maternal Milk Is Nature's First Functional Food It Plays Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The activation of such receptors, e.g. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), needs to be critically regulated in order to enable the mucosal system to appropriately defend against pathogens, but tolerate commensals 12,21,22 . We therefore investigated whether milk EVs could be involved in TLR regulation.…”

Section: Maternal Milk Is Nature's First Functional Food It Plays Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Human milk extracellular vesicles target nodes in interconnected signalling pathways that enhance oral epithelial barrier function and dampen immune responses

Zonneveld

Herwijnen

Fernandez-Gutierrez

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Maternal milk is nature’s first functional food. It plays a crucial role in the development of the infant’s gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the immune system. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of lipid bilayer enclosed vesicles released by cells for intercellular communication and are a component of milk. Recently, we discovered that human milk EVs contain a unique proteome compared to other milk components. Here, we show that physiological concentrations of milk EVs support epithelial barrier function by increasing cell migration via the p38 MAPK pathway. Additionally, milk EVs inhibit agonist-induced activation of endosomal Toll like receptors TLR3 and TLR9. Furthermore, milk EVs directly inhibit activation of CD4+ T cells by temporarily suppressing T cell activation without inducing tolerance. We show that milk EV proteins target key hotspots of signalling networks that can modulate cellular processes in various cell types of the GI tract.

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Oral Mucosal Epithelial Cells

Cited by 255 publications

References 262 publications

Alterations in Oral–Nasal–Pharyngeal Microbiota and Salivary Proteins in Mouth-Breathing Children

Alterations in Oral–Nasal–Pharyngeal Microbiota and Salivary Proteins in Mouth-Breathing Children

Epinephrine penetrates through gingival sulcus unlike keratinized gingiva and evokes remote vasoconstriction in human

Human milk extracellular vesicles target nodes in interconnected signalling pathways that enhance oral epithelial barrier function and dampen immune responses

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