Oral Mucosa, Saliva, and COVID-19 Infection in Oral Health Care

Atukorallaya, Devi; Ratnayake, Ravindra Kumar

doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.656926

Cited by 41 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…The rationale for exploring these factors was to add to the literature base, particularly for medical and dental professionals who may encounter patients experiencing delayed smell recovery. Such cases are observed to occur with increasing frequency both in the authors' clinical practice and the wider literature [28]. Findings from this work are also intended to provide exploratory pilot data to serve as an indicator for future research directions related to smell loss in COVID-19, primarily by providing a baseline for sample size and split based on the distribution pattern of smell recovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Relationship between Recovery from COVID-19-Induced Smell Loss and General and Oral Health Factors

Catton

Gardner

2022

Medicina

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Background and Objectives: Loss of smell is one of the strongest predictors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and can persist long after other symptoms have resolved. “Long” cases (>28 days) of smell dysfunction present future challenges to medical and dental professionals, as there is a lack of evidence on the causes and any exacerbating or relieving factors. This study aimed to explore the persistence of COVID-19-induced smell loss and association with physical, lifestyle and oral health factors. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey of 235 participants. Recovery of smell was explored, comparing rapid recovery (≤28 days) with prolonged recovery (>28 days). Associative factors included age, sex, illness severity, diet, BMI, vitamin D supplementation, antidepressants, alcohol use, smoking, brushing frequency, flossing, missing teeth, appliances and number of dental restorations. Results: Smell loss showed 87% resolution within 30 days. Prolonged smell loss was significantly associated with older age (mean ± 95%, CI = 31.53 ± 1.36 years for rapid recovery vs. mean ± 95%, CI = 36.0 ± 3 years for prolonged recovery, p = 0.003) and increased self-reported illness severity (mean ± 95%, CI = 4.39 ± 0.27 for rapid recovery vs. 5.01 ± 0.54 for prolonged recovery, p = 0.016). Fisher’s exact test revealed flossing was associated with rapid recovery, with flossers comprising 75% of the rapid-recovery group, compared to 56% in the prolonged-recovery group (odds ratio ± 95%, CI = 2.26 (1.23–4.15), p = 0.01). All other factors were not significantly associated (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Increased age and illness severity were associated with prolonged smell recovery. Use of floss was the only modifiable factor associated with rapid recovery of smell loss. As 87% of cases resolve within 30 days, future studies may benefit from targeted recruitment of individuals experiencing prolonged sense loss. This would increase statistical confidence when declaring no association with the other factors assessed, avoiding type II errors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Relationship between Recovery from COVID-19-Induced Smell Loss and General and Oral Health Factors

Catton

Gardner

2022

Medicina

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“…Upon inhalation, SARS-CoV-2 employs cell-surface angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) as a receptor for entry into host cells [4]. ACE2 is more highly expressed in the oropharyngeal mucosal and endothelial cells, oral and alveolar tissues, kidneys and the gastrointestinal tract [5,6].…”

Section: The Immunementioning

confidence: 99%

What Happens to the Immune System after Vaccination or Recovery from COVID-19?

Tiyo

Schmitz

Ortega

et al. 2021

Life

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Due to its leading role in fighting infections, the human immune system has been the focus of many studies in the context of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In a worldwide effort, the scientific community has transitioned from reporting about the effects of the novel coronavirus on the human body in the early days of the pandemic to exploring the body’s many immunopathological and immunoprotecting properties that have improved disease treatment and enabled the development of vaccines. The aim of this review is to explain what happens to the immune system after recovery from COVID-19 and/or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the disease. We detail the way in which the immune system responds to a SARS-CoV-2 infection, including innate and adaptive measures. Then, we describe the role of vaccination, the main types of COVID-19 vaccines and how they protect us. Further, we explain the reason why immunity after COVID-19 infection plus a vaccination appears to induce a stronger response compared with virus exposure alone. Additionally, this review reports some correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. In conclusion, we reinforce that vaccination is safe and important in achieving herd immunity.

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“…Earlier studies have published some oral symptoms induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection, as for example ulceration and vesicular bullous lesions (20,21). In the oral mucosa, viral infections damage epithelial cells causing acute inflammatory response, presenting with solitary and multiple blisters or even ulcerations (22). Microscopic analysis of biopsies from COVID-19 patients who also presented skin lesions confirmed the vascular ectasia associated with congested vessels, and lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate (23).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Cytogenetic Biomonitoring in Buccal Mucosa Cells of COVID-19 Patients: Preliminary Findings

Pinto

Alpire

Ribeiro

2021

In Vivo

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Background/Aim: COVID-19 may lead to progressive respiratory failure as a consequence of alveolar damage, resulting in death. The aim of this study was to evaluate cytogenetic damage in oral cells of COVID-19 patients by micronucleus assay. Patients and Methods: A total of 11 COVID-19 patients aged 40.7±9.3 years (5 men and 6 women) were included in this study. For the control group, a total of 15 participants not infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus were included. The mean age was 41.6±6.2 years (5 men and 10 women). Results: The results showed statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in micronucleated buccal mucosa cells of COVID-19 patients. In addittion, a statistically significant increase in karyolysis and karrhyorexis (p<0.05) was observed in COVID-19 patients compared to control. Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 virus can induce mutagenesis and cytotoxicity in oral cells.

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Oral Mucosa, Saliva, and COVID-19 Infection in Oral Health Care

Cited by 41 publications

References 97 publications

Relationship between Recovery from COVID-19-Induced Smell Loss and General and Oral Health Factors

Relationship between Recovery from COVID-19-Induced Smell Loss and General and Oral Health Factors

What Happens to the Immune System after Vaccination or Recovery from COVID-19?

Cytogenetic Biomonitoring in Buccal Mucosa Cells of COVID-19 Patients: Preliminary Findings

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