Oral microbiome and health

Abstract

The oral microbiome is diverse in its composition due to continuous contact of oral cavity with the external environment. Temperatures, diet, pH, feeding habits are important factors that contribute in the establishment of oral microbiome. Both culture dependent and culture independent approaches have been employed in the analysis of oral microbiome. Gene-based methods like PCR amplification techniques, random amplicon cloning, PCR-RELP, T-RELP, DGGE and DNA microarray analysis have been applied to increase oral microbiome related knowledge. Studies revealed that microbes from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, Neisseria , TM7 predominately inhabits the oral cavity. Culture-independent molecular techniques revealed the presence of genera Megasphaera , Parvimonas and Desulfobulbus in periodontal disease. Bacteria, fungi and protozoa colonize themselves on various surfaces in oral cavity. Microbial biofilms are formed on the buccal mucosa, dorsum of the tongue, tooth surfaces and gingival sulcus. Various studies demonstrate relationship between unbalanced microflora and development of diseases like tooth caries, periodontal diseases, type 2 diabetes, circulatory system related diseases etc. Transcriptome-based remodelling of microbial metabolism in health and disease associated states has been well reported. Human diets and habitat can trigger virus activation and influence phage members of oral microbiome. As it is said, “Mouth, is the gateway to the total body wellness, thus oral microbiome influences overall health of an individual”.

Microbiomes in Supragingival Biofilms and Saliva of Adolescent Patients with Induced and Naturally Occurring Gingivitis Relative to Gingival Health

“…Due to its elongated shape and diverse metabolic interactions Fusobacterium nucleatum, a member of the "orange" complex, contributes to the organization of supragingival bio lms [77]. Our observations are compatible with the previously suggested role of Fusobacterium, Campylobacter and Treponema in the pathogenesis of gingivitis, whereas the less abundant Catonella, Lachoanaerobaculun, Schwartzia and Akkermansia genera remain to be characterized in this respect [78,79]. Some genera, including Lautropia, Kingella, Neisseria, Actinomyces, Rothia and Megasphaera were extensively more abundant in the control samples.…”

Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals

“…The main species observed were those belonging to Candida, Cladosporium, Aureobasidium, Saccharomycetales, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Cryptococcus . [ 25 ]…”

Trick or Treating in Forensics—The Challenge of the Saliva Microbiome: A Narrative Review

“…With the advent of DNA sequencing advances, much progress has been made in understanding the complexity of the oral microbiome [ 2 ]. The most important efforts are focused on recognizing the potential connections between oral microbial communities and a wide range of oral [ 7 ] and systemic pathological conditions [ 8 ], such as sepsis/endocarditis, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, as well as their established risk factors, such as obesity, chronic kidney disease, Alzheimer’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and head and neck cancer [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”