Oral Medicine

McCarthy, Francis P.; McCarthy, Philip L.

doi:10.1056/nejm195506302522606

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…At the same time, we cannot ignore a divergent line of research that had initially a strong link with cybernetics, namely Artificial Intelligence (AI) [15]. Apart from the unresolved issue of the specific relation between cognition and intelligence, it is a fact that AI, departing from the cybernetic context, was articulated into two main streams, one focused on the symbolic representation of knowledge (Symbolic AI) and another (Connectionist AI) focused on the acquisition of knowledge via supervised training (typically by using the backpropagation algorithm) of feedforward neural networks [16].…”

Section: The Cybernetic Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Quest for Cognition in Purposive Action: From Cybernetics to Quantum Computing

Morasso¹

2023

J. Integr. Neurosci.

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Norbert Wiener and Nikolai Bernstein set the stage for a worldwide multidisciplinary attempt to understand how purposive action is integrated with cognition in a circular, bidirectional manner, both in life sciences and engineering. Such a 'workshop' is still open and far away from a satisfactory level of understanding, despite the current hype surrounding Artificial Intelligence (AI). The problem is that Cognition is frequently confused with Intelligence, overlooking a crucial distinction: the type of cognition that is required of a cognitive agent to meet the challenge of adaptive behavior in a changing environment is Embodied Cognition, which is antithetical to the disembodied and dualistic nature of the current wave of AI. This essay is the perspective formulation of a cybernetic framework for the representation of actions that, following Bernstein, is focused on what has long been considered the fundamental issue underlying action and motor control, namely the degrees of freedom problem. In particular, the paper reviews a solution to this problem based on a model of ideomotor/muscle-less synergy formation, namely the Passive Motion Paradigm (PMP). Moreover, it is shown how this modeling approach can be reformulated in a distributed manner based on a self-organizing neural paradigm consisting of multiple topology-representing networks with attractor dynamics. The computational implication of such an approach is also briefly analyzed looking at possible alternatives of the von Neuman paradigm, namely neuromorphic and quantum computing, aiming in perspective at a hybrid computational framework for integrating digital information, analog information, and quantum information. It is also suggested that such a framework is crucial not only for the neurobiological modeling of motor cognition but also for the design of the cognitive architecture of autonomous robots of industry 4.0 that are supposed to interact and communicate naturally with human partners.

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Section: The Cybernetic Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Quest for Cognition in Purposive Action: From Cybernetics to Quantum Computing

Morasso¹

2023

J. Integr. Neurosci.

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“…On this account all worldviews which 'lack an awareness of the fallibility of their validity claim' and do not respect what Rawls refers to as the 'burdens of reason', are incompatible with practical discourse in a constitutional state. 43 Such worldviews 'remove themselves from a "modern attitude become reflexive"', 44 since they 'leave no space for reflection on their relationship to . .…”

Section: Constitutional Patriotism and The Problem Of Cultural Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and Unity

Baumeister

2007

European Journal of Political Theory

222

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Although Habermas' sophisticated conception of constitutional patriotism successfully avoids the charge of trying to ground patriotism in a set of principles that is too thin and abstract to sustain a real sense of solidarity and belonging, his optimism regarding the prospect in modern pluralist societies of building a genuinely shared political culture is misplaced. The march of modernisation as rationalisation is neither as relentless nor as inevitable as Habermas assumes. Hence the rational consensus on liberal constitutional principles that is to provide the basis for a shared political culture remains elusive. However, while Habermas' solution to the 'solidarity gap' that confronts many contemporary liberal democracies remains problematic, he is right to point to the importance of a shared identity that is strong enough to turn strangers into fellow citizens. The challenges that cultural diversity and value pluralism pose for contemporary states cannot be resolved via a procedural approach that focuses solely on political legitimacy. Yet the difficulties that surround Habermas' conception of 'constitutional patriotism' suggest modern states will struggle to build a collective political identity that can generate a genuine sense of solidarity. If this is so, modern pluralist states face a more profound challenge than writers such as Habermas assume.

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Acute Lesions Involving the Tongue

Meyer

Shklar

1957

Dental Clinics of North America

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Oral Medicine

Cited by 3 publications

References 28 publications

The Quest for Cognition in Purposive Action: From Cybernetics to Quantum Computing

The Quest for Cognition in Purposive Action: From Cybernetics to Quantum Computing

Diversity and Unity

Acute Lesions Involving the Tongue

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