Oral manifestations related to malaria: A systematic review

Abstract

Malaria is a parasitic infectious disease of Plasmodium genus, which has become a momentous public health issue. According to the data of World Health Organization (WHO), in 2017, about 87 countries and areas suffered from such a global infectious disease (indigenous malaria), and nearly fifty percent of the global population was at risk for malaria infection; 219 million cases of malaria were reported, causing 435,000 fatalities (children aged under 5 years accounted for 61% [266 000]) all over the world. Although the incidence of malaria globally declined in recent decades, the rate of change seemed to be stalled during -2017 (World Malaria Report, 2018.The Plasmodium infection, especially Plasmodium falciparum, exhibits diversiform clinical manifestations; therefore, it cannot be easily diagnosed and mostly relies on laboratory examinations (Mace, Arguin, Lucchi, & Tan, 2019). Identification of typical symptoms may facilitate accurate diagnosis of malaria, including fever, headache, chills/shivering, sweating, fatigue/weakness, myalgia, and arthralgia (Mace et al., 2019). Cerebral malaria or other organ dysfunction is commonly regarded as an indicator of the severity of malaria, which often occurs in cases of Plasmodium falciparum infection (Elnour, Alagib, Bansal, Farag, & Malik, 2019).Although typical symptoms have been well recognized, some cases with atypical or rare signs of malaria may be neglected by health professionals, which may delay the diagnosis and

Investigation of the understanding on tropical infectious diseases and oral health among dental professionals in China

“…Dental clinics are at high risk of tropical infectious diseases because: (1) some infected patients or patients with drug-induced adverse events, need to be identified, may firstly visit the dentists for their accompanied oral discomfort [ 6 – 8 , 13 – 16 ]; (2) the aerosols will be generated during the oral treatment, which is the crucial risk factor for infectious disease spread [ 19 – 21 ]; (3) the closed treatment environment is easy for infectious disease spread [ 19 , 20 ]; (4) the blood exposure is another risk factor for infectious disease spread[ 22 ]; (5) some tropical infectious diseases have severe late-onset oral complications which need follow-up, such as Burkitt lymphoma related to malaria [ 7 ], oral cancer related to trichinosis [ 6 ] and jawbone osteonecrosis related to dengue fever [ 8 ]. Therefore, it is necessary for the dental professionals to focus on tropical infectious diseases and oral health.…”

“…Oral-maxillofacial system has been reported to be affected by such infectious diseases, such as parasitic diseases [ 6 , 7 ], viral diseases [ 8 , 9 ], bacterial diseases [ 10 , 11 ] and fungal diseases [ 10 , 12 ]. In addition, oral adverse events of medications for tropical infectious diseases have been also reported [ 13 ].…”

Oral Complications related to tropical infectious Diseases: an introduction and analysis of survey data

“…The oral complications related to tropical infectious diseases have been investigated previously (Table 1 ) and parasitic diseases (malaria, leishmaniasis, and amoebiasis) [ 8 – 16 ], bacterial diseases (leprosy, and yaws) [ 8 , 17 , 18 ], viral diseases (dengue fever and measles) [ 8 , 16 , 19 – 21 ] and fungal diseases (paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis) [ 8 , 18 , 22 – 26 ], such as oral mucosal hemorrhage, oral mucositis, oral ulceration, enamel hypoplasia, and alveolar bone disorders [ 8 , 15 , 16 , 23 ]. In addition, the current medications that are available for the treatment of tropical infectious are also associated with some oral adverse events (Table 1 ), including pain in the oral soft tissue, toothache, enamel hypoplasia, periodontal diseases, and stomatitis [ 8 , 15 , 27 , 28 ]. To provide convenient medical guidelines, we have summarized various oral complications related to tropical infectious diseases, particularly associated with the oral-maxillofacial region (Table 1 ).…”

“…Some oral complications are acute, while others are long-term (Table 1 ). Moreover, some cases of infection can present with oral manifestations as the first symptoms [ 15 , 29 – 31 ]; these symptoms can easily be overlooked by clinicians. Infectious disease practitioners and dentists are the most relevant professions to manage and treat oral complications caused by tropical infectious diseases.…”

QSAR and Ab Initio studies of quinolon-4(1H)-imine derivatives as antimalarial agents

“…An estimated 3.4 billion people are at risk of developing malaria each year. Throughout 2018 there were 228 million cases of malaria worldwide [1][2][3][4][5]. It is estimated that there are 18.6 million malaria cases per year in Indonesia [6][7][8].…”