Oral levo-norgestrel — Testosterone effects on spermatogenesis, hormone levels, coagulation factors and lipoproteins in normal men

Foegh, Marie L.; Damgaard-Pedersen, F.; Gormsen, J; Knudsen, J.B.; Schou, Geert

doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(80)80016-3

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…However, the specific contribution of dl-norgestrel to the ob-served lowering of lipids is unknown. Although most reports find that oral contraceptives containing dl-norgestrel lower plasma triglycerides (4,5), this has not been universal (6)(7)(8). Levonorgestrel, the active isomer of dl-norgestrel, lowers plasma total and VLDL triglycerides in intact female rats when given alone (9), but not when combined with estradiol (10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of low dosage progestin-only administration upon plasma triglycerides and lipoprotein metabolism in postmenopausal women.

Wolfe

Huff²

1993

J. Clin. Invest.

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Oral administration to five postmenopausal women of dl-norgestrel (0.075 mg/d for 7 wk) reduced mean fasting plasma levels of triglycerides by 29% (P < 0.001), VLDL triglycerides by 39% (P < 0.01), and VLDL apo B by 26% (P < 0.05), while lowering mean total cholesterol by 7% (P < 0.06). To explain these observations the kinetics of VLDL and LDL apo B turnover were studied by injecting autologous "25I-labeled VLDL and "311-labeled LDL under control conditions and again in the fourth week of a 7-wk course of dl-norgestrel. VLDL apo B pool size fell by an average of 27% (1.2 vs 1.7 mg/kg, P < 0.06) and production of apo B by 18% (18 vs 22 mg/kg per d, P < 0.05) with unchanged fractional catabolic rate. Production of LDL apo B increased 36% with dl-norgestrel ( 12 vs 9.4 mg/kg per d, P < 0.05), but this was compensated by a 36% increase in fractional catabolic rate of LDL apo B (0.33 vs 0.25 pools/d, P < 0.005), thereby maintaining pool size. Lipoprotein (a) fell by an average of 12% (16 vs 18 mg/dl, P < 0.06). dl-Norgestrel reduced VLDL triglycerides (40 vs 64 mg/dl, P < 0.05), intermediate density lipoprotein cholesterol (14 vs 19 mg/dl, P < 0.02), IDL apo B (5.3 vs 7.2 mg/dl, P < 0.05), and VLDL cholesterol (3.1 vs 5.1 mg/dl, 0.10 > P > 0.05), in parallel with the reductions in VLDL apo B production and pool size. dl-Norgestrel significantly lowered the production rate of VLDL apo B, thereby decreasing plasma VLDL and intermediate density lipoprotein concentrations. (J. Clin. Invest. 1993. 92:456461.)

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of low dosage progestin-only administration upon plasma triglycerides and lipoprotein metabolism in postmenopausal women.

Wolfe

Huff²

1993

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…As one LNG implant of the type used in the present study releases initially 100 μg LNG daily and then later 40 μg daily, the dose of LNG should have been sufficient to reach similar results as those in the studies of Foegh et al . (1980a,b,c) and Kamischke et al . (2000), at least in the group with four LNG implants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In another study by the same group (Foegh et al ., 1980b), seven volunteers receiving 500 μg LNG daily and 200 mg TE monthly reached sperm counts <5 × 10 6 /mL. In a third study by Foegh et al . (1980c) combination of 250 μg oral LNG daily and 200–600 μg oral testosterone daily significantly decreased sperm count in three of four subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combination of subcutaneous levonorgestrel implants and transdermal dihydrotestosterone gel for male hormonal contraception

Pöllänen¹,

Nikkanen²,

Huhtaniemi³

2001

Int J of Andrology

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The primary aim of the present study was to determine the therapeutic dose of subcutaneous levonorgestrel (LNG) to induce azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia (<3´10 6 /mL) in normal men requiring contraception. Transdermal 5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was combined to the treatments to maintain peripheral androgen level. Forty-three 21±45-year-old healthy men were enrolled in this phase II randomised and comparative clinical performance study. The subjects were allocated to ®ve groups to receive: (1) transdermal DHT (Andractim R , Besins Iscovesco, Paris, France) and one subdermal LNG implant (Jadelle, Leiras, Turku, Finland); (2) transdermal DHT and two subdermal LNG implants; (3) transdermal DHT and four subdermal LNG implants; (4) transdermal DHT and oral LNG (Microluton, Schering, Germany); or (5) transdermal DHT only. A total of 27 men completed the suppression phase. None of them reached azoospermia. One subject with oral LNG and transdermal DHT reached <3 million/mL at 5 months of suppression, but not repeatedly. Together 2/27 (7%) subjects, one with oral LNG and DHT and the other with four subdermal LNG implants and DHT reached <5 million/mL temporarily. Altogether 9/27 (33%) subjects reached <20 million/mL. Serum testosterone concentrations (S-T) decreased signi®cantly during the ®rst 3 months of treatment with one, two and four LNG implants and DHT and during the next 3 months S-T remained signi®cantly lower with two or four implants. Serum oestradiol concentrations (S-E 2 ) decreased signi®cantly during the ®rst 3 months only with four implants, but at 6 months S-E 2 was lower also in the group with two implants. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) decreased signi®cantly only with two LNG implants and DHT gel at 5 and 6 months. Serum FSH did not decrease in any of the groups. None of the subjects ®lled the criteria to continue to the ef®cacy phase. A total of 16 men discontinued for various reasons. Of the 27 men completing the suppression phase, all have recovered to sperm levels >20 million/mL. There were no changes in blood count, lipid pro®le, liver function tests, prostate-speci®c antigen (PSA), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), prolactin or cortisol. The mixed antiglobulin reaction (MAR)-IgG, MAR-IgA or tray agglutination test (TAT) did not change during any of the treatments. The present study shows that the LNG implants themselves are well-tolerated by men and safe, and might be suitable for replacing part of the Correspondence: P. Po Èlla Ènen, testosterone used as injections to reduce the androgen dose during male hormonal contraception. The DHT gel was considered as quite or very uncomfortable by 66% of the men because of feeling cold during the time it was on the skin, but uncompliance in using the gel was not reported by the men.

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“…For this reason, work on contraception for men was included in the original plan of action of HRP. Special attention was devoted to hormonal methods, commonly known as ‘male pills’, and by 1980 HRP-sponsored clinical studies had shown that the administration over 1 year of 500 µg daily of LNG and 200 mg monthly of testosterone enanthate (TE) significantly decreased the sperm count without any significant effect on potency or the libido [175]. Further studies with a combination of DMPA and TE produced similar results [176].…”

Section: The Work Of the Programmementioning

confidence: 99%

The Special Programme of Research in Human Reproduction: Forty Years of Activities to Achieve Reproductive Health for All

Benagiano¹,

d’Arcangues²,

Requejo³

et al. 2012

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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The Special Programme of Research in Human Reproduction (HRP), co-sponsored by the UNDP, UNFPA, WHO, and the World Bank, is celebrating 40 years of activities with an expansion of its mandate and new co-sponsors. When it began, in 1972, the main focus was on evaluating the acceptability, effectiveness, and safety of existing fertility-regulating methods, as well as developing new, improved modalities for family planning. In 1994, HRP not only made major contributions to the Plan of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD); it also broadened its scope of work to include other aspects of health dealing with sexuality and reproduction, adding a specific perspective on gender issues and human rights. In 2002, HRP’s mandate was once again broadened to include sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS and in 2003 it was further expanded to research activities on preventing violence against women and its many dire health consequences. Today, the work of the Programme includes research on: the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents, women, and men; maternal and perinatal health; reproductive tract and sexually transmitted infections (including HIV/AIDS); family planning; infertility; unsafe abortion; sexual health; screening for cancer of the cervix in developing countries, and gender and reproductive rights. Additional activities by the Programme have included: fostering international cooperation in the field of human reproduction; the elaboration of WHO’s first Global Reproductive Health Strategy; work leading to the inclusion of ICPD’s goal ‘reproductive health for all by 2015’ into the Millennium Development Goal framework; the promotion of critical interagency statements on the public health, legal, and human rights implications of female genital mutilation and gender-biased sex selection. Finally, HRP has been involved in the creation of guidelines and tools, such as the ‘Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use’, the ‘Global handbook for family planning providers’, the ‘Definition of core competencies in primary health care’, and designing tools for operationalizing a human rights approach to sexual and reproductive health programmes.

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Oral levo-norgestrel — Testosterone effects on spermatogenesis, hormone levels, coagulation factors and lipoproteins in normal men

Cited by 14 publications

References 20 publications

Effects of low dosage progestin-only administration upon plasma triglycerides and lipoprotein metabolism in postmenopausal women.

Effects of low dosage progestin-only administration upon plasma triglycerides and lipoprotein metabolism in postmenopausal women.

Combination of subcutaneous levonorgestrel implants and transdermal dihydrotestosterone gel for male hormonal contraception

The Special Programme of Research in Human Reproduction: Forty Years of Activities to Achieve Reproductive Health for All

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