Oral Insulin Delivery: A Review on Recent Advancements and Novel Strategies

Abstract

Background: Due to the lifestyle of people in the community in recent years, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus has increased, so New drugs and related treatments are also being developed. Introduction: One of the essential treatments for diabetes today is injectable insulin forms, which have their problems and limitations, such as invasive and less admission of patients and high cost of production. According to the mentioned issues, Theoretically, Oral insulin forms can solve many problems of injectable forms. Methods: Many efforts have been made to design and introduce Oral delivery systems of insulin, such as lipid-based, synthetic polymer-based, and polysaccharide-based nano/microparticle formulations. The present study reviewed these novel formulations and strategies in the past five years and checked their properties and results. Results: According to peer-reviewed research, insulin-transporting particles may preserve insulin in the acidic and enzymatic medium and decrease peptide degradation; in fact, they could deliver appropriate insulin levels to the intestinal environment and then to blood. Some of the studied systems increase the permeability of insulin to the absorption membrane in cellular models. In most investigations, in-vivo results revealed a lower ability of formulations to reduce BGL than subcutaneous form, despite promising results in in-vitro and stability testing. Conclusion: Although taking insulin orally currently seems unfeasible, future systems may be able to overcome mentioned obstacles, making oral insulin delivery feasible and producing acceptable bioavailability and treatment effects in comparison to injection forms.

Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Assemblies

“…Oral insulin delivery has been attempted using lipid-based, synthetic polymer-based, and polysaccharide-based nano/microparticle formulations. Although insulin-transporting particles may preserve insulin in the acidic and enzymatic medium and decrease peptide degradation, in vivo results revealed a lower ability of formulations to reduce glucose in the blood than the subcutaneous form despite promising in vitro results [146].…”

Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan Nanofiber: Kinetic Studies and Enhancement of Insulin Delivery System

“…Studies have shown that the dissociation of the nanoparticulate structure could happen due to the deprotonation or protonation of particle components (such as polysaccharides, proteins, or lipids) in different pH environments, resulting in the burst release and degradation of encapsulated bioactive compounds. Hence, good GI-stability of nanoparticles across a wide range of pH values is crucial to protect insulin throughout the entire GI transition against chemical degradation and improve its oral bioavailability [ 23 ].…”