Oral Frostbite Due to Dry Ice

Ohki, Masafumi; Ishikawa, Jun; Kikuchi, Shigeru

doi:10.1177/000348941212101009

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Upon thawing, a rapid intracellular influx of water causes intracellular swelling and leads to edema. 5 Further tissue death has been noted from cellular apoptosis, progressing 2 to 8 hours after exposure to freezing temperatures. 8 As early as 2 hours after thawing, vascular stasis contributes to tissue edema and necrosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prophylactic corticosteroids are recommended to reduce airway edema, inf lammation, and tissue damage. 5 Other articles report the use of prophylactic antibiotics to counter local depression of the immune system in exposed tissues. 3,5,6 Sucralfate, a medication used to promote healing of mucosal ulcers, may be helpful but is of unproven benefit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Upper Aerodigestive Tract Frostbite from Inhalation of Automotive Nitrous Oxide

2018

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Nitrous oxide, a cryogenic gas, may be abused as an inhalant for its euphoric properties. If inhaled, nitrous oxide may cause frostbite to the oral cavity and upper aerodigestive tract, with possible airway compromise due to edema. In this article we describe what is, to the best of our knowledge, the first case of intentional inhalation of nitrous oxide from an automotive nitrous oxide canister and discuss the management and mechanism of the patient's injury.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upper Aerodigestive Tract Frostbite from Inhalation of Automotive Nitrous Oxide

2018

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“…1 Clinically, frostbite can be classified as superficial/deep or as first-to fourth-degree injury. 2 The stages begin with areas of erythema, to clear or cloudy fluid-filled blisters within 24 h, followed by haemorrhagic blisters and eventually resulting in tissue necrosis. Not only does frostbite cause direct tissue injury but delayed indirect injury to the tissues may occur due to collapse of the microcirculation, following rewarming of the affected tissues or circulatory disturbances in the lymphatic flow leading to interstitial oedema.…”

Section: Leidenfrost Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cooling of the tissues below 2°C, triggers the formation of ice crystals extracellularly in the interstitium which causes an osmotic shift of water from the intracellular compartment leading to dehydration and mechanical disruption of the cells. 2 However, this is reversed on rewarming resulting in oedema due to intracellular swelling and fluid leaks from disrupted capillaries. In progressive injuries, protective mechanisms such as clot formation or aggregation of platelets and leucocytes can cause thrombosis, eventually leading to tissue necrosis.…”

Section: Leidenfrost Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Careful literature review revealed rare cases of intraoral frostbite, attributed to intentional inhalational abuse of fluorinated hydrocarbons, dry ice, liquid nitrogen and so forth. 1,2 Hypothermal injuries of the gastric mucosa caused by ingestion of liquid nitrogen have been reported but none of these patients suffered from any direct injury affecting the oral mucosa. 3 Here, we report the first case of intraoral frostbite causing injury to the oral mucosal tissues due to the direct contact of liquid nitrogen, highlighting the mechanism of the injury.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intraoral frostbite and Leidenfrost effect

Vinayachandran

Balasubramanian

2018

Australian Dental Journal

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Current lifestyle trends encouraging the rise in use of liquid nitrogen in food and beverages may eventually increase the episodes of injuries reported as well. Here, we report the first case of intraoral frostbite as a result of direct injury to the tissues due to ingestion of liquid nitrogen. The mechanism of injury to the oral mucosa in the absence of any injury to the gastric mucosa is explained correlating it to the Leidenfrost phenomenon. Awareness and proper regulations for the use of liquid nitrogen are unavailable and must be created in order to avoid any potential mortality. The diagnostician must consider the possibility of a chemical agent such as liquid nitrogen, which is so widely being used in the food and beverage industry, as a possible aetiological factor of oral mucosal injury.

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Frostbite injuries to the upper aerodigestive tract sustained from inhaled nitrous oxide

Gao

2024

Eur J Plast Surg

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Background Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been in industrial and recreational use since the 18th century and is commonly perceived as a safe substance. Despite its increasing uptake, there is a lack of data on N2O-related harm. This article explores the misuse of N2O associated with various complications, with a focus on frostbite as a novel phenomenon. We aimed to review the existing body of literature and describe the epidemiology, presentation, pathophysiology, and management of patients with N2O-related frostbite injuries in the upper aerodigestive tract. Methods A literature search was conducted across PubMed, MEDLINE and Embase databases, focusing on English language articles related to N2O use patterns, associated injuries, pathophysiology, investigations, and management. Results The search yielded 122 results, of which fifteen case reports and case series were included in the study. There are 54 total cases included in the analysis. There is an equal distribution of males and females among a young population with a median age of 27.5 years. Presentations of skin and mucosal injuries across different anatomical sites as well as their management approaches are described. Conclusions The pathophysiology of frostbite involves both direct and indirect effects, leading to tissue ischaemia, inflammation, and immune responses. Complications, including airway obstruction, underscore the severity of N2O-related injuries. Management strategies include securing the airway, surgical debridement, and pharmacological interventions such as prophylactic corticosteroids and antibiotics. N2O is a documented causative agent of frostbite injuries. Awareness of its rising prevalence and potential complications is key in the treatment of patients with complications sustained from the use of N2O. Level of evidence Not ratable

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Oral Frostbite Due to Dry Ice

Abstract: It is important to bear in mind that volatile substance abuse may possibly induce unusual events. In particular, special attention should be paid to delayed unusual events.

Cited by 6 publications

References 11 publications

Upper Aerodigestive Tract Frostbite from Inhalation of Automotive Nitrous Oxide

Upper Aerodigestive Tract Frostbite from Inhalation of Automotive Nitrous Oxide

Intraoral frostbite and Leidenfrost effect

Frostbite injuries to the upper aerodigestive tract sustained from inhaled nitrous oxide

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