Oral Fluid Testing during 10 Years of Rubella Elimination, England and Wales

Manikkavasagan, Gayatri; Bukasa, Antoaneta; Brown, Kevin E.; Cohen, B. J.; Ramsay, Mary

doi:10.3201/eid1610.100560

Cited by 22 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…40 While rubella vaccine coverage is almost the same as measles vaccination coverage, no widespread rubella outbreaks have been reported in the United Kingdom, suggesting elimination may have been achieved and maintained. 41 In contrast to measles, where substantial outbreaks have been reported among populations with high coverage with one dose of measles vaccine, vaccine failure after a single dose of rubella vaccine does not appear to play a role in sustained transmission of rubella. While two doses are generally recommended, high coverage with a single dose appears to have been adequate to terminate transmission.…”

Section: Worldwide Epidemiology and Current Control Elimination And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rubella

et al. 2015

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Rubella remains an important pathogen globally with approximately 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome estimated to occur each year. Rubella vaccine is highly effective and safe when used across a population and, as a result, endemic rubella transmission has been interrupted in the Americas since 2009. Incomplete rubella vaccination programs result in continued disease transmission as evidenced by recent large outbreaks in Japan and elsewhere. Herein, we provide current results regarding rubella control, elimination and eradication policies, and a brief review of new laboratory diagnostics. In addition, we provide novel information regarding rubella vaccine immunogenetics and review the emerging evidence of inter-individual variability in humoral and cell-mediated innate and adaptive immune responses to rubella vaccine and their association with HLA alleles, haplotypes, and single nucleotide polymorphisms across the human genome. Finally, we conclude with a call for further research in rubella vaccine immunogenetics and its ability to inform a vaccinomics-level approach to novel vaccine candidate development and the need for a next generation vaccine that is affordable, easy to administer, and does not require a cold chain for optimal immunogenicity.

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Section: Worldwide Epidemiology and Current Control Elimination And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rubella

et al. 2015

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“…Oral fluid is a complex body fluid consisting of several components, including saliva (19,29). It contains salivary gland secretion and several components of nonsalivary origin, such as gingival crevicular fluid, serum or blood resulting from oral wounds, bacteria and their products, viruses, fungi, desquamated epithelial cells, and other cellular components (15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oral fluid-based diagnostic tests are already validated for detection of antivirus antibodies (15,18,19,24). They were also used for detection of nucleic acids in viruses and bacteria (9,15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Mediterranean Visceral Leishmaniasis by Detection of Leishmania Antibodies and Leishmania DNA in Oral Fluid Samples Collected Using an Oracol Device

et al. 2011

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Current methods for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) require invasive sampling procedures such as visceral aspiration and/or blood drawing. The use of diagnostic tests using oral fluid, which is easier to collect, would be more simple and practical for VL diagnosis, especially under field conditions. Oral fluids from 37 VL patients and 40 healthy controls were collected using Oracol devices. Blood samples and oral fluid specimens from both groups were analyzed by recombinant protein K39 (rK39) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative real-time PCR. Detection of antibodies in the oral fluid had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97.5%. Antibody levels measured in serum and oral fluid showed a significant positive correlation ( ‫؍‬ 0.655 and P ‫؍‬ 0.01). Detection of Leishmania DNA in oral fluid had a sensitivity of 94.6% and a specificity of 90%. The median parasite load estimated in blood was 133 parasites/ml (interquartile range [IR], 10 to 1,048), whereas that in oral fluid specimens was 3 parasites/ml (IR, 0.41 to 92). However, there was no significant linear relationship between parasite loads assessed in the two biological samples ( ‫؍‬ 0.31 and P ‫؍‬ 0.06). VL diagnosis based on specific antibody detection and Leishmania DNA identification using oral fluid samples was equivalent in accuracy to that using blood and therefore is promising for clinical use.

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“…The oral fluid specimens were obtained as gingival mouth swabs, using cotton swabs prior to each dose of vectors, and again one and two weeks later, using the procedure recommended by CDC [46,47]. After the collection, the sample swabs were immersed in TRIzol LS reagent (Ambion/Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) to preserve viral RNA, stored frozen at −80°C or promptly processed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Live attenuated rubella vectors expressing SIV and HIV vaccine antigens replicate and elicit durable immune responses in rhesus macaques

Virnik

Hockenbury

et al. 2013

Retrovirology

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BackgroundLive attenuated viruses are among our most potent and effective vaccines. For human immunodeficiency virus, however, a live attenuated strain could present substantial safety concerns. We have used the live attenuated rubella vaccine strain RA27/3 as a vector to express SIV and HIV vaccine antigens because its safety and immunogenicity have been demonstrated in millions of children. One dose protects for life against rubella infection. In previous studies, rubella vectors replicated to high titers in cell culture while stably expressing SIV and HIV antigens. Their viability in vivo, however, as well as immunogenicity and antibody persistence, were unknown.ResultsThis paper reports the first successful trial of rubella vectors in rhesus macaques, in combination with DNA vaccines in a prime and boost strategy. The vectors grew robustly in vivo, and the protein inserts were highly immunogenic. Antibody titers elicited by the SIV Gag vector were greater than or equal to those elicited by natural SIV infection. The antibodies were long lasting, and they were boosted by a second dose of replication-competent rubella vectors given six months later, indicating the induction of memory B cells.ConclusionsRubella vectors can serve as a vaccine platform for safe delivery and expression of SIV and HIV antigens. By presenting these antigens in the context of an acute infection, at a high level and for a prolonged duration, these vectors can stimulate a strong and persistent immune response, including maturation of memory B cells. Rhesus macaques will provide an ideal animal model for demonstrating immunogenicity of novel vectors and protection against SIV or SHIV challenge.

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Oral Fluid Testing during 10 Years of Rubella Elimination, England and Wales

Cited by 22 publications

References 19 publications

Rubella

Rubella

Diagnosis of Mediterranean Visceral Leishmaniasis by Detection of Leishmania Antibodies and Leishmania DNA in Oral Fluid Samples Collected Using an Oracol Device

Live attenuated rubella vectors expressing SIV and HIV vaccine antigens replicate and elicit durable immune responses in rhesus macaques

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