Oral drug delivery for immunoengineering

Abstract

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Non-Invasive Vaccines: Challenges in Formulation and Vaccine Adjuvants

“…The immune responses are mainly initiated in the intestine, where the majority of vaccine uptake and drug absorption occur [ 167 , 168 ]. The intestine consists of several layers, including the mucus layer, water layer, epithelial layer, basement membrane/Peyer’s patches, and lymph nodes [ 169 ]. The epithelial layer is composed of enterocytes, goblet cells, and microfold cells (M cells), which are joined together by tight junctions that prevent the movement of molecules through paracellular and transcellular routes [ 169 , 170 , 171 ].…”

“…The intestine consists of several layers, including the mucus layer, water layer, epithelial layer, basement membrane/Peyer’s patches, and lymph nodes [ 169 ]. The epithelial layer is composed of enterocytes, goblet cells, and microfold cells (M cells), which are joined together by tight junctions that prevent the movement of molecules through paracellular and transcellular routes [ 169 , 170 , 171 ]. Enterocytes, the most abundant cells in the intestinal epithelium (constituting up to 80% of the local cell population), transport antibodies through transcytosis using the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and form antibody–antigen complexes [ 172 , 173 ].…”

Short term, low dose alpha-ketoglutarate based polymeric nanoparticles with methotrexate reverse rheumatoid arthritis symptoms in mice and modulate T helper cell responses

“…Immunoengineering approaches have made a great impact on generating techniques for anti-inflammatory applications. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Immunoengineering via delivery of metabolites is an emerging area of research, which can have great implications in treatment of various autoimmune diseases and disorders associ-ated with inflammation. [8][9][10] We previously demonstrated that glycolytic inhibition of innate immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), along with the delivery of a self-antigen, via antiinflammatory alphaketo-glutarate (aKG) based microparticles, can lead to antigen-specific immune suppression in collageninduced arthritis (CIA) mice.…”