Oral contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy: relative and attributable risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other health outcomes

Bassuk, Shari S.; Manson, JoAnn E.

doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.11.004

Cited by 84 publications

(59 citation statements)

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“…There is increasing evidence from epidemiological studies that sex and oral contraceptive use in females modulate the development and the severity of cardiovascular disease [1–4]. For example, men are more likely to develop coronary heart diseases than women, especially women prior to menopause, but the risk of developing stroke and heart failure is higher in women [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the association of phospholipids with components of the metabolic syndrome in young adults

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThere are differences in the prevalence and severity of diseases between males, females not taking hormonal contraceptives (non-HC females) and females taking hormonal contraceptives (HC females). The aim of this study was to identify sex-specific differences in the metabolome and its relation to components of the metabolic syndrome in a young adult population.MethodsThe subjects analysed are from the 20-year follow-up of the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Two hundred fifteen plasma metabolites were analysed in 1021 fasted plasma samples by a targeted liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) metabolomics approach. Principal component analysis between males (n = 550), non-HC females (n = 199) and HC females (n = 269) was applied. Regression analysis with a sex × metabolite concentration interaction was performed on components of the MetS, namely waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, and plasma HDL-C, triglycerides and glucose concentration, as outcome to select the significant metabolites of the interaction. Those selected metabolites were used as predictors in a sex group stratified analysis to compare the different β coefficients and therefore the sex group-dependent associations.ResultsPrincipal component analysis between males, non-HC females, and HC females showed a general discriminating trend between males and HC females. One hundred twenty-seven metabolites were significantly different between males and non-HC females, whereas 97 differed between non-HC females and HC females. Males and non-HC females mainly differed in sphingomyelin, lyso-phosphatidylcholine, acyl-carnitine and amino acid species, whilst non-HC females and HC females mainly differed in phosphatidylcholine, lyso-phosphatidylcholine and acyl-carnitine concentrations. Forty-one metabolites (phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelines, lyso-phosphatidylcholine) were significantly differently associated with the MetS factors in the different groups.ConclusionsWe have shown clear differences between plasma metabolite concentrations in males, and HC or non-HC females, especially in lyso-phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine, which have been shown to associate with obesity in other studies. The association of these metabolites differed between sexes with components of the metabolic syndrome, which means that development of diseases like obesity and diabetes may differ between the sexes. Our findings highlight the importance of considering sex differences when conducting a metabolomics study and the need to account for the effect of HC usage in females in future studies.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13293-017-0131-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the association of phospholipids with components of the metabolic syndrome in young adults

et al. 2017

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“…Among contraceptive methods, hormonal medicines are the most commonly used methods. Today, two-third of American women use OCPs 15,16. In several hypotheses about the mechanism by which contraceptive pills influence breast cancer, one highlights the relationship between the pills and gaining weight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Oral Contraceptive Pills on Increased Risk of Breast Cancer in Iranian Populations: A Meta-analysis

et al. 2016

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BackgroundCancer is one of the main public health issues in the world. Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer among women. It is also the second cause of mortality in women. The association between the use of oral contraceptive pills and breast cancer is controversial and a main issue in public health. Some findings have shown that taking these pills does not have a significant effect in increasing the risk of breast cancer, while others have confirmed the carcinogenic effect of these products. These contradictory findings necessitated this meta-analysis, through of all correlated studies in Iran.MethodsAll published studies were considered from June 2000 until June 2015, using reliable Latin databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Google search, Scopus, and Science Direct, and Persian database like SID, Irandoc, IranMedex, and Magiran. Finally, 26 papers were selected: 24 studies were case control while two were population based studies. A total of 26 papers with 46,260 participants were assessed since 2001.ResultsOverall estimate of OR for the effect of oral contraceptive pills on breast cancer is 1.521 (CI = 1.25–1.85), which shows that the intervention group had more chance (52%) compared to the control group (P = 0.001). Using these pills increased the risk of breast cancer up to 1.52 times.ConclusionsBecause of directly increasing levels of estrogen and the role of estrogen in gaining weight indirectly, oral contraceptive pills can stimulate the occurrence of breast cancer. More studies should be conducted for controlling the period of pill use.

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“…The use of oral contraceptives has been shown to reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer in individuals with a germline BRCA1 mutation, as well as in those without a genetic predisposition (30,31 (32). However, other meta-analyses have found insufficient evidence to recommend either for or against the use of oral contraceptives to prevent ovarian cancer, given their potential harm from adverse vascular events and minimal increase in other cancers (such as breast cancer) weighed against the potential for ovarian cancer risk reduction (32).…”

Section: [H2] Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ovarian cancer

Matulonis

Sood

Fallowfield

et al. 2016

Nat Rev Dis Primers

900

787

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Ovarian cancer is not a single disease and can be subdivided into at least five different 2 histological subtypes that have different identifiable risk factors, cells of origin, molecular compositions, clinical features and treatments. Ovarian cancer is a global problem, is typically diagnosed at late stage, and has no effective screening strategy. Standard treatments for newly diagnosed cancer consist of cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy. In recurrent cancer, chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic agents, and poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are used and immunological therapies are currently being tested. High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most commonly diagnosed form of ovarian cancer and is typically very responsive to platinum-based chemotherapy at diagnosis. However, in addition to the other histologies, HGSCs frequently relapse and become increasingly resistant to chemotherapy.Consequently, understanding the mechanisms underlying platinum resistance and finding ways to overcome them are active areas of study in ovarian cancer. Significant progress has been made in identifying genes associated with high risk of ovarian cancer (such as BRCA1 and BRCA2) as well as a precursor lesion of HGSC called a serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma, which hold promise for identifying individuals at high risk of developing the disease and for developing prevention strategies. Competing interestsU.A.M. has served as a consultant for AstraZeneca, ImmunoGen, Pfizer, Genentech, and Merck.

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Oral contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy: relative and attributable risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other health outcomes

Cited by 84 publications

References 47 publications

Sex differences in the association of phospholipids with components of the metabolic syndrome in young adults

Sex differences in the association of phospholipids with components of the metabolic syndrome in young adults

The Role of Oral Contraceptive Pills on Increased Risk of Breast Cancer in Iranian Populations: A Meta-analysis

Ovarian cancer

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