Oral contraceptive use and malignant melanoma in Australia

Beral, Valerie; Evans, Susan; Shaw, Helen M.; Milton, G. W.

doi:10.1038/bjc.1984.236

Cited by 82 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…But, neither of these studies specifically examined current vs past use of oral contraceptives. Another case -control study restricted to women less than 55 years of age found an elevated risk (OR=1.5; 95% CI=1.0 -2.1) in relation to 5 or more years of oral contraceptive use, among those who began use 10 or more years before (Beral et al, 1984). While this study met the eligibility criteria for our analysis, the original data were no longer available.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Eleven case -control studies met the analysis criteria (Beral et al, 1984;Holman et al, 1984;Gallagher et al, 1985;Green and Bain, 1985;Østerlind et al, 1988;Swerdlow et al, 1986;Elwood et al, 1990;Zanetti et al, 1990;Kirkpatrick et al, 1994;Langholz et al, 2000) and data were available for all but one of these (Beral et al, 1984). The investigators from all of the remaining studies agreed to take part.…”

Section: Selection Of Studies For Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results of these studies vary. In two studies, an increased risk of melanoma was observed among long-term users who began using oral contraceptives 10 or more years ago (Bain et al, 1982;Beral et al, 1984). In a hospital-based study, Palmer et al (1992) found a modestly elevated risk among current oral contraceptive users that was not statistically significant.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these findings were based on a relatively small number of cases, and another cohort study found no excess risk (Adam et al, 1981). Subsequent case -control and cohort studies (Bain et al, 1982;Holly et al, 1983Holly et al, , 1995Holman et al, 1984;Helmrich et al, 1984;Beral et al, 1984;Gallagher et al, 1985;Green and Bain, 1985;Østerlind et al, 1988;Zanetti et al, 1990;Hannaford et al, 1991;Le et al, 1992;Palmer et al, 1992;Westerdahl et al, 1996;Gefeller et al, 1998;Smith et al, 1998;Feskanich et al, 1999) provided little evidence of an overall excess risk among ever users compared to never users, but a possible increase among long-term users (summarised in (Prentice and Thomas, 1987)). More recently, data from the Nurse's Health Studies indicated a risk of melanoma related to duration of oral contraceptive use, but only among current users (Feskanich et al, 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A pooled analysis of 10 case–control studies of melanoma and oral contraceptive use

et al. 2002

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Data regarding the effects of oral contraceptive use on women's risk of melanoma have been difficult to resolve. We undertook a pooled analysis of all case -control studies of melanoma in women completed as of July 1994 for which electronic data were available on oral contraceptive use along with other melanoma risk factors such as hair colour, sun sensitivity, family history of melanoma and sun exposure. Using the original data from each investigation (a total of 2391 cases and 3199 controls), we combined the study-specific odds ratios and standard errors to obtain a pooled estimate that incorporates inter-study heterogeneity. Overall, we observed no excess risk associated with oral contraceptive use for 1 year or longer compared to never use or use for less than 1 year (pooled odds ratio (pOR)=0.86; 95% CI=0.74 -1.01), and there was no evidence of heterogeneity between studies. We found no relation between melanoma incidence and duration of oral contraceptive use, age began, year of use, years since first use or last use, or specifically current oral contraceptive use. In aggregate, our findings do not suggest a major role of oral contraceptive use on women's risk of melanoma.

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Selection Of Studies For Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A pooled analysis of 10 case–control studies of melanoma and oral contraceptive use

et al. 2002

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“…Failure to find an association between melanoma and oral contraceptive use may be due to the broad categorization of 'ever users'. A few studies have reported modest elevations in melanoma risk among women with longer durations of use or with longer times since first use (Bain et al, 1982;Holly et al, 1983;Beral et al, 1984;Le et al, 1992). However, previous research has been limited by the predominance of case-control designs that rely on recall of oral contraceptive use.…”

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confidence: 99%

Oral contraceptive use and risk of melanoma in premenopausal women

et al. 1999

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Summary Melanoma has been increasing in white populations. Incidence rates rise steeply in women until about age 50, suggesting oestrogen as a possible risk factor. Oestrogens can increase melanocyte count and melanin content and cause hyperpigmentation of the skin. We examined prospectively the association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and diagnoses of superficial spreading and nodular melanoma among 183 693 premenopausal white women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II) cohorts. One hundred and forty six cases were confirmed in NHS during follow-up from 1976 to 1994, and 106 cases were confirmed in NHS II from 1989 to 1995. Skin reaction to sun exposure, sunburn history, mole counts, hair colour, family history of melanoma, parity, height and body mass index were also assessed and included in logistic regression models. A significant twofold increase in risk of melanoma (relative risk (RR) = 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-3.4) was observed among current OC users compared to never users. Risk was further increased among current users with 10 or more years of use (RR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.7-7.0). Risk did not appear elevated among past OC users, even among those with longer durations of use, and risk did not decline linearly with time since last use. In conclusion, risk of premenopausal melanoma may be increased among women who are current OC users, particularly among those with longer durations of use. Further research is needed to determine whether low-dose oestrogen pills in particular are associated with an increase in risk and to describe possible interactions between OC use and sun exposure or other risk factors for melanoma.

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