Oral cocaine seeking by rats: Action or habit?

Miles, Felicity J.; Everitt, Barry J.; Dickinson, Anthony

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.117.5.927

Cited by 168 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…The present findings extend those obtained using natural or oral drug rewards (Corbit et al, 2012;Dickinson et al, 2002;Miles et al, 2003) showing that responding that is initially goal directed becomes habitual with overtraining. However, the increasing influence of habits in driving nicotine-seeking does not preclude involvement of other factors in sustaining responding, including the conditioned reinforcing properties of nicotine-paired cues.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…For this reason, alternative approaches have been employed, including oral drug delivery (Dickinson et al, 2002;Miles et al, 2003) or the use of seeking-taking schedules to provide indirect measures of reward devaluation (Olmstead et al, 2001;Zapata et al, 2010). Although informative, such procedures may be limited as the method and route of administration are critical to the long-term behavioral (Leblanc et al, 2013) and neurobiological (Chen et al, 2008;Stefanski et al, 1999) effects of addictive drugs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavioral and Neural Substrates of Habit Formation in Rats Intravenously Self-Administering Nicotine

Clemens

Castino

Cornish

et al. 2014

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Tobacco addiction involves a transition from occasional, voluntary smoking towards habitual behavior that becomes increasingly resistant to quitting. The development of smoking habits may reflect a loss of behavioral control that can be modeled in rats. This study investigated the behavioral and neural substrates of habit formation in rats exposed to either brief (10 days) or extended (47 days) intravenous (IV) nicotine self-administration training. Following training, the first cohort of rats were exposed to a nicotine devaluation treatment, which involved repeated pairings of IV nicotine with lithium injection. They were then tested for sensitivity of responding to nicotine devaluation under extinction and reinstatement conditions. The second cohort of rats received equivalent self-administration training followed by processing of brain tissue for c-Fos immunohistochemistry. After brief training, devaluation suppressed nicotineseeking during tests of extinction and reinstatement, confirming that responding is initially sensitive to current nicotine value, and therefore, goal directed. In contrast, after extended training, devaluation had no effect on extinction or reinstatement of responding, indicating that responding had become habitual. Complementary neuroanalysis revealed that extended nicotine self-administration was associated with increased c-Fos expression in brain regions implicated in habitual control of reward seeking, including activation of the dorsolateral striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta. These findings provide evidence of direct devaluation of an IV drug reward, that nicotine self-administration is initially goal-directed but becomes habitual with extended training, and that this behavioral transition involves activation of brain areas associated with the nigrostriatal system.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral and Neural Substrates of Habit Formation in Rats Intravenously Self-Administering Nicotine

Clemens

Castino

Cornish

et al. 2014

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…For example, limited access self-administration may fail to produce either robust sensitization or symptoms of addiction, as discussed above. Conversely, sensitizing treatments with experimenter-administered drugs are sufficient to produce increased motivation for drug reward ( Vezina 2004), incentive sensitization of cue wanting (Robinson & Berridge 2000;Di Ciano 2007), cognitive impairment (Schoenbaum & Shaham 2008) and stronger S-R habits (Miles et al 2003;Nelson & Killcross 2006), all of which may contribute to the transition to addiction. In addition, experimenteradministered drug that induces sensitization also changes the brain in ways related to the propensity to relapse, such as enhancing glutamate release in the core of the accumbens (Pierce et al 1996).…”

Section: Does Experimenter-administered Drug Produce Changes In the Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, everyone must agree that S-R habits probably contribute to the automatized behaviours and rituals involved in consuming drugs once obtained (Tiffany 1990), and it has been shown that treatment with drugs facilitates the development of S-R habits in animals (Miles et al 2003;Nelson & Killcross 2006), perhaps via recruitment of the dorsal striatum (Everitt et al 2001;Porrino et al 2007). We also note that habits may be especially prominent in standard animal self-administration experiments, where only a single response is available to be performed (e.g.…”

Section: What Is Incentive Sensitization Theory and What Is The Role mentioning

confidence: 99%

The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: some current issues

Robinson

Berridge

2008

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

1,439

1,003

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We present a brief overview of the incentive sensitization theory of addiction. This posits that addiction is caused primarily by drug-induced sensitization in the brain mesocorticolimbic systems that attribute incentive salience to reward-associated stimuli. If rendered hypersensitive, these systems cause pathological incentive motivation ('wanting') for drugs. We address some current questions including: what is the role of learning in incentive sensitization and addiction? Does incentive sensitization occur in human addicts? Is the development of addiction-like behaviour in animals associated with sensitization? What is the best way to model addiction symptoms using animal models? And, finally, what are the roles of affective pleasure or withdrawal in addiction?

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“…As such, deficits in S-R learning have the potential to interfere with the ability to respond to the changing consequences of behavior. For example, so-called "habit" learning is one form of S-R learning, whereby learned responses in laboratory animals become resistant to extinction even when the reinforcer that maintained responding to the stimuli has been devalued (see Packard & Knowlton, 2002); in other words, the stimulus comes to elicit the response directly, with no intervening "expectancy" of the outcome (e.g., Miles et al, 2003). Cocaine-dependent individuals report that they continue to take cocaine despite receiving negative consequences in social, emotional and physical realms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulus–response learning in long-term cocaine users: Acquired equivalence and probabilistic category learning

Vadhan

Myers

Rubin

et al. 2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Objective-The purpose of this study was to examine stimulus-response (S-R) learning in active cocaine users.Participants and Methods-Twenty-two cocaine-dependent participants (20 male and 2 female) and 21 non-drug using control participants (19 male and 2 female) who were similar in age and education were administered two computerized learning tasks. The Acquired Equivalence task initially requires learning of simple antecedent-consequent discriminations, but later requires generalization of this learning when the stimuli are presented in novel recombinations. The Weather Prediction task requires the prediction of a dichotomous outcome based on different stimuli combinations when the stimuli predict the outcome only probabilistically.Results-On the Acquired Equivalence task, cocaine users made significantly more errors than control participants when required to learn new discriminations while maintaining previously learned discriminations, but performed similarly to controls when required to generalize this learning. No group differences were seen on the Weather Prediction task.Conclusions-Cocaine users' learning of stimulus discriminations under conflicting response demands was impaired, but their ability to generalize this learning once they achieved criterion was intact. This performance pattern is consistent with other laboratory studies of long-term cocaine users that demonstrated that established learning interfered with new learning on incremental learning tasks, relative to healthy controls, and may reflect altered dopamine transmission in the basal ganglia of long-term cocaine users.

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Oral cocaine seeking by rats: Action or habit?

Cited by 168 publications

References 44 publications

Behavioral and Neural Substrates of Habit Formation in Rats Intravenously Self-Administering Nicotine

Behavioral and Neural Substrates of Habit Formation in Rats Intravenously Self-Administering Nicotine

The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: some current issues

Stimulus–response learning in long-term cocaine users: Acquired equivalence and probabilistic category learning

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