Oral clefts: a retrospective study of prevalence and predisposal factors in the State of Mexico

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to up-date the records concerning oral clefts (OCs) encountered at the Child Hospital of the Maternal Infantile Institute of the State of México, and to examine the association of predisposing factors. A retrospective study of the medical records of patients generated over a 5-year period was carried out. A total of 835 files were reviewed, representing 504 boys and 331 girls. The studied variables were the type of oral clefts and predisposing factors. Kendal correlations at P < or = 0.05 and chi-squared at P < or = 0.05 were used to find any associations between variables. The distribution of oral cleft was: cleft lip and palate (CLP) 70%, cleft palate (CP) 21%, cleft lip (CL) 8%, separate cleft lip and cleft palate 1%. The sex ratios were 1.7 for CLP, 1.7 for CL, and 1 for CP. Municipalities with ethnic groups as well as industrial, agricultural and pottery activities showed a high rate of prevalence. Although there was no significant association with birth weight, familial history of clefting, consanguinity, medication usage during pregnancy, or paternal occupational risk, the results suggested that the most severe clefts were proportionally related to these factors. A significant association with maternal and paternal age, abortion rate, and parity was found. Additionally, maternal agricultural activities suggested that pesticide exposure might be a factor.

Paternal occupational exposures and the risk of congenital malformations — A case-control study

“…This supports other studies that reported an association between agricultural work and/or exposure to pesticides experienced by the father, or the mother, or both; and different adverse reproductive effects such as congenital malformations in general [23][24][25], cleft lip and palate [26][27], musculoskeletal defects [28], limb reduction defects [29][30], and central nervous system defects [31][32][33]. Environmental or occupational exposure to pesticides may cause alterations in the male gametes prior to conception, as well as embryonic damage or feto-placental complex.…”

Parental exposures and risk of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts in offspring: A case-control study in Greece

“…Maternal occupational exposure to toxic agents seems a priori to have a more direct effect on CL/P, and was previously shown to be associated with an increased risk of CL/P in offspring [15,16,22,25]. Experimental data support this: an increased incidence of oral clefts in offspring was noticed when pregnant mice were exposed to the herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) [26].…”

Twelve-year prevalence of common neonatal congenital malformations in Zhejiang Province, China

“…Although the risk factors for this disease were unknown, maternal and paternal age, abortion rate, parity and mother's occupational exposure (agricultural production and exposure to pesticides) might specifi cally infl uence this trend. [26] But the increasing incidence of OFC in our area is still unexplained and further studies are required to examine the epidemiology and risk factors of this disease in China.…”