“…Previous studies have demonstrated a significant association between ABC genotyping and the virulence potential of C. albicans strains (Qianming et al , ; Zeng et al , ; Sardi et al , ). In our previous investigation, a significant epidemiological relationship was found between oral cancer presence and C. albicans genotype (Alnuaimi et al , ). Specifically, a significantly higher frequency of genotype A was observed in C. albicans strains isolated from patients with oral cancer and significantly higher frequency of genotype B was seen in patients with non‐oral cancer.…”
These data suggest a significant positive association between the ability of Candida isolates to form biofilms, to produce hydrolytic enzymes, and to metabolize alcohol to acetaldehyde with their ability to promote oral cancer development.
“…Previous studies have demonstrated a significant association between ABC genotyping and the virulence potential of C. albicans strains (Qianming et al , ; Zeng et al , ; Sardi et al , ). In our previous investigation, a significant epidemiological relationship was found between oral cancer presence and C. albicans genotype (Alnuaimi et al , ). Specifically, a significantly higher frequency of genotype A was observed in C. albicans strains isolated from patients with oral cancer and significantly higher frequency of genotype B was seen in patients with non‐oral cancer.…”
These data suggest a significant positive association between the ability of Candida isolates to form biofilms, to produce hydrolytic enzymes, and to metabolize alcohol to acetaldehyde with their ability to promote oral cancer development.
“…Genotypic variation exists in C. albicans strains between oral cancer and non-oral cancer patients. 25 Further analysis of strain genotypes is required, such as via PCR, to elucidate whether the phenotypic and genotypic attributes of Candida found in smokers and patients with active caries are different to those without these risk factors. A reflective profile of Candida found in oral cancer patients would be significant.…”
Both smoking and the presence of active carious lesions were found to be positively correlated with the carriage of oral Candida. Individuals who are current smokers are nearly seven times more likely to have oral Candida, and participants with high candidal colonization are more likely to be current smokers. Participants with active carious lesions were also more likely to carry oral Candida.
“…It is considered a global health issue affecting a wide portion of individuals in the population, such as newborns (Ali et al 2012), oral cancer patients (Alnuaimi et al 2015), denture wearers (Dar-Odeh & Shehabi 2003), among others, presenting different clinical features. Recently, oral candidiasis has also been reported to be a risk factor for disseminated bacterial infections, which constitute a critical and life-threatening trait, particularly in immunocompromised individuals (Kong et al 2015).…”
Context The emergence of resistant pathogens and toxicity of antifungals have encouraged an active search for novel candidates to manage Candida biofilms. Objective In this study, the little known species Sideroxylon obtusifolium T.D. Penn (Sapotacea) and Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae), from the Caatinga biome in Brazil were chemically characterized and explored for their antifungal potential against C. albicans. Materials and methods We determined the effects of hydroalcoholic extracts/fractions upon fungal growth (minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations, MIC/MFC), biofilm morphology (scanning electron microscopy) and viability (confocal laser scanning microscopy), proposed their mode of action (sorbitol and ergosterol assays), and finally investigated their effects against macrophage and keratinocyte cells in a cell-based assay. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer post-test (a ¼ 0.05). Results The n-butanol (Nb) fraction from S. obtusifolium and S. cumini extract (Sc) showed flavonoids (39.11 6 6.62 mg/g) and saponins (820.35 6 225.38 mg/g), respectively, in their chemical composition and demonstrated antifungal activity, with MICs of 62.5 and 125 lg/mL, respectively. Nb and Sc may complex with ergosterol as there was a 4-16-fold increase in MICs in the presence of exogenous ergosterol, leading to disrupted permeability of cell membrane. Deleterious effects were observed on morphology and viability of treated biofilms from concentrations as low as their MICs and higher. Sc was not toxic to macrophages and keratinocytes at these concentrations (p > 0.05), unlike Nb. Conclusions Nb and Sc demonstrated considerable antifungal activity and should be further investigated as potential alternative candidates to treat Candida biofilms.
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