Oral cancer in young Jordanians: potential association with frequency of narghile smoking

Abstract

Narghile smoking is an independent risk factor associated with the development of oral cancer at a younger age. Prospective studies of its effect on the earlier development of oral cancer are needed to establish a cause-effect relationship.

Comparison of Clinical and Radiographic Periodontal Status Between Habitual Water‐Pipe Smokers and Cigarette Smokers

“…The detrimental effects of cigarette smoking on oral and systemic health have been reported extensively 20–24 . Studies have reported that clinical and radiographic parameters of periodontal inflammation (such as probing depth [PD] ≥4 mm, clinical attachment loss [AL], and marginal bone loss [MBL]) are worse and numbers of missing teeth (MT) are higher among habitual cigarette smokers (CSs) than those who have never smoked 25–28 .…”

Periodontal Inflammatory Conditions Among Smokers and Never‐Smokers With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…The deleterious effects of tobacco smoking on oral and systemic health are well documented 11‐15 . Habitual tobacco smoking has also been associated with an increased expression of receptors of AGEs in the gingival tissues 16 .…”

Molecular and health effects in the upper respiratory tract associated with tobacco smoking other than cigarettes

“…Further, an exploration of the Jordanian National Cancer Registry (620 cancer records) provided the information about 17% of water‐pipe smokers among cancer subjects. The conclusion was that water‐pipe smoking is an independent risk factor for development of oral cancer, mostly at a younger age . A similar study in Middle Eastern Populations including 50,000 cohort members provided information on the association of cancer mortality with cumulative lifetime water‐pipe use.…”

“…Further, a relationship between the frequency of water‐pipe smoking and the age at oral cancer diagnosis has been reported. The more frequently patients used water‐pipe, the younger they were when diagnosed with oral cancer …”

“…The more frequently patients used water-pipe, the younger they were when diagnosed with oral cancer. 42 All forms of tobacco contain harmful substances and their use may lead to cancer development. 7,8,20,22 Recent reports indicate that cigar smoking releases higher concentrations of the toxic and carcinogenic compounds in tobacco than cigarette smoking because the cigar smoking process lasts longer.…”