Oral biology and disorders of tusked mammals

Steenkamp, Gerhard

doi:10.1016/s1094-9194(03)00035-5

Cited by 19 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Farmed blue foxes ( Alopex lagopus ) increased locomotory stereotypic behaviors, when they were provided with larger cages [26]. Alternatively, walruses ( Odobenus rosmarus ) and giraffes ( Giraffa camelopardalis ) often display an oral stereotypic behavior [16, 35–37]. Even closely related animals often differ in their behavioral responses to zoo environments [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Ambient Environmental Factors on the Stereotypic Behaviors of Giant Pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

Huang²,

Wang

2017

PLoS ONE

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Stereotypies are commonly observed in zoo animals, and it is necessary to better understand whether ambient environmental factors contribute to stereotypy and how to affect animal welfare in zoo settings. This study investigated the relationships between stereotypic behaviors and environmental factors including ambient temperatures, humidity, light intensity, sound intensity and number of visitors. Seven giant pandas were observed in three indoor enclosures and three outdoor enclosures. Environmental factors were measured for both indoor and outdoor enclosures and the effect they had on stereotypical behaviors was investigated. Our research found that light intensity significantly correlated with all stereotypies behaviors. Higher environmental temperature reduced the duration of pacing but increased the frequency of pacing, the duration and frequency of door-directed, meanwhile the duration of head-toss. However, we found no noticeable effect of humidity on stereotypic behaviors except for the frequency of head-toss. We also found that sound intensity was not correlated with stereotypies. Finally, the growth of visitors was negatively associated with the duration of door-directed. These results demonstrated that various environmental factors can have significant effects on stereotypic behaviors causing the expression of various stereotypies. Thus, stereotypies in zoo animals may not simply represent suboptimal welfare, but rather might be adopted as a means of coping with an aversive environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Ambient Environmental Factors on the Stereotypic Behaviors of Giant Pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

Huang²,

Wang

2017

PLoS ONE

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“…The literature on the oral mucosa of humans (Squier and Brogden, ) and common animal models (Stablein and Meyer, ; Kishi et al, ) is vast, yet comparisons of its structural details are limited by the context of this limited taxon sampling. The oral mucosa of humans and laboratory animals is unlikely to exhibit the same range of possible experiences that a greater diversity of animals may, especially if one considers that variety to include animals that mostly lack salivary glands like cetaceans (Rommel and Lowenstine, ), ingest soil like moles (Silcox and Teaford, ), or have portions of their dentition extend outside the mouth as tusks (Steenkamp, ). Specimens of other species can be limited in their preservation quality, often making undamaged epithelium difficult to attain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional Quantitative Histological Variations in Human Oral Mucosa

Ciano

Beatty

2015

The Anatomical Record

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Oral mucosa demonstrates regional variations that reflect contact with food during mastication. Though known qualitatively, our aim was to quantitatively assess regions to establish a measurable baseline from which one could compare in pathological and comparative studies, in which the abrasiveness of diets may differ. We assessed variations in the epithelial-connective tissue junction (rete ridges counts), collagen organization within the lamina propria, and elastin composition of the lamina propria of 15 regions of the labial (buccal) gingiva, lingual gingiva, vestibule, and palate. All characteristics varied more between regions within the same individual than between individuals. Lingual gingiva had high rete ridges counts, high level of collagen organization, and moderate elastin composition compared to other regions. The labial gingiva had few rete ridges, high collagen organization, and low elastin. The vestibule had the fewest average of rete ridges, least organized collagen, and high elastin. The hard palate had the highest average of rete ridges, high collagen organization, and the lowest elastin content. The soft palate conversely had the smallest average of rete ridges, moderate collagen organization, and the highest elastin composition. Our results indicate that comparison of these quantitative histological differences is warranted only for collagen organization and elastin composition. Differences in rete ridges counts were not statistically significant. Most histological characteristics observed were not significantly different between dentulous and edentulous cadavers, and the group containing all individuals. An exception was the level of collagen fiber organization within the lamina propria, which was higher in most regions when teeth were present.

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“…Species also differ greatly in what forms they display. Zoo-housed walruses, for example, stereotypically rub their tusks on concrete structures such as pool edges [74,78]. This activity can so damage the tusks, risking infection, that zoos remove them ( Figure Ia).…”

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confidence: 99%