Oral bioavailability estimation of toxic and essential trace elements in PM10

Oral bioavailability reveals an overestimation of the toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate matter

“…This great difference could be resulted in an overestimation of cancer risks when considering total concentrations instead of using bioaccessible/bioavailable concentrations. Within this context, many authors have already reported the necessity to consider bioaccessibilities and bioavailabilities on exposure and health risk models, providing a more realistic assessment (Huang et al 2014b(Huang et al , 2018Kastury et al 2018;Raffy et al 2018;Gao et al 2018;Moreda-Piñeiro et al 2019). In addition, it is important to point out that our health risk assessment could be overestimated even using oral bioavailable concentrations because of not considering other parameters such as PM 10 deposition in different lung regions and clearance rates.…”

“…Regarding in vitro oral bioavailable studies, in vitro physiologically based extraction test methodology developed by Miller et al (Miller et al 1981) was extensively used because of showing well correlations for metals with in vivo studies. According to the literature, some researches have based on this methodology (with some modifications) to assess metal(oid)s oral bioavailability in foods (Wolfgor et al 2002;Haro-Vicente et al 2006;Moreda-Piñeiro et al 2013, 2015a, while it was recently applied to PM 10 samples (Moreda-Piñeiro et al 2019).…”

“…Thus, the main objective of this research is the novel application and validation of an in vitro physiologically based extraction test, based on the use of a dialysis membrane to simulate the intestinal absorption (Miller et al 1981;Moreda-Piñeiro et al 2019), to assess the oral bioavailability of PAHs in PM 10 . Furthermore, the exposure and health risk assessment based on total and oral bioavailable contents of PAHs obtained were estimated and discussed.…”

Fifteen Years of Airborne Particulates in Vitro Toxicology in Milano: Lessons and Perspectives Learned

“…Cilia of bronchial cells are the engine of the mucociliary escalator [18] that transports the mucus, and the particles trapped in it, from the lungs up to the larynx where it is swallowed. The particles thus enter the gastrointestinal (GI) system where they may interact with GI tissues and fluids [19][20][21]. In the alveolar region particles may be actively removed by specialized cells (macrophages) and other mechanisms (reviewed in [22]).…”

Enhanced Photochemical Volatile Organic Compounds Release from Fatty Acids by Surface-Enriched Fe(III)

“…Measurements of iron in atmospheric liquid phases have shown that the concentrations of iron in different places range from 10 –7 to 10 –2 M, indicating that it is much more abundant than other transition metals . More accurately, field observations have shown that the concentrations of cloud and fog range from micromolar to millimolar, while the concentration of iron in rain water is lower. , Elemental analysis of PM 2.5 and PM 10 has also shown that iron is an abundant transition metal in atmospheric particulate matters, − and it can attach to the surface of aerosols. , The ubiquitous iron in the atmosphere can impact processes in atmospheric droplets; hence, the (photo)­chemistry of iron under atmospheric conditions has received substantial attention. − However, research on the (photo)­chemistry of iron is typically carried out in the bulk aqueous phase, and the component changes in the solution phase are the main concerns. With the interaction between surface-active species such as fatty acids and Fe­(III) species, the environment of the air–water interface might be changed because of the enrichment of Fe­(III) species at air–water interfaces, , which would significantly affect the (photo)­chemical reactions in nature and have notable environmental effects.…”