Oral and physiological paleohealth in cold adapted peoples: Northeast Asia, Hokkaido

Oxenham, Marc; Matsumura, Hirofumi

doi:10.1002/ajpa.20709

Cited by 35 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The comparatively low prevalence of caries in Ngaraangbal tribes was related to a high proportion of marine foods (Elvery et al 1998). Marine diets are thought to be cariostatic due to increased fluoride levels, and due to the antibacterial effects of increased alkalinity in the oral cavity (Sealy et al 1992;Oxenham and Matsumura 2008).Contrasting with Australians, the Greenlander sample studied here is free of caries. The lack of caries in Arctic populations has been reported previously; no caries was found in Aleuts, and a prevalence of less than 1-5% in Greenlanders subsisting on a traditional diet (Pedersen 1947;Keenleyside 1998).…”

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confidence: 80%

Comparative analysis of dentognathic pathologies in the Dmanisi mandibles

Margvelashvili

Zollikofer

Lordkipanidze

et al. 2016

American J Phys Anthropol

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Objectives: Due to the scarcity of the fossil record, in-vivo changes in the dentognathic system of early Homo are typically documented at the level of individual fossil specimens, and it remains difficult to draw population-level inferences about dietary habits, diet-related activities and lifestyle from individual patterns of dentognathic alterations. The Plio-Pleistocene hominin sample from Dmanisi (Georgia), dated to 1.77 million years ago, offers a unique opportunity to study in-vivo changes in the dentognathic system of individuals belonging to a single paleodeme of early Homo. Materials and Methods: We analyze dentognathic pathologies in the Dmanisi sample, and in comparative samples of modern Australian and Greenlander hunter-gatherer populations, applying clinical protocols of dentognathic diagnostics. Results: The Dmanisi hominins exhibit a similarly wide diversity and similar incidence of dentognathic pathologies as the modern human hunter-gatherer population samples investigated here. Dmanisi differs from the modern population samples in several respects: At young age tooth wear is already advanced, and pathologies are more prevalent. At old age, hypercementosis is substantial. Discussion: Results indicate that dentognathic pathologies and disease trajectories are largely similar in early Homo and modern humans, but that the disease load was higher in early Homo, probably as an effect of higher overall stress on the dentognathic system. Key words: aging, tooth wear, caries, periodontitisThe Plio-Pleistocene site of Dmanisi has yielded a large sample of hominin fossils associated with abundant and diverse faunal remains and Mode I stone artifacts (Gabunia et al. 2001;Ferring et al. 2011;Mgeladze et al. 2011). Occupation of the site began shortly after 1.85 Ma. The fossil hominin finds are dated to 1.77 Ma (Ferring et al. 2011). Dmanisi thus represents the earliest evidence of Homo outside of Africa. The well-preserved cranial, mandibular and postcranial remains of five individuals are unique in offering detailed insights into patterns of morphological variation within a paleodeme of early Homo, and into patterns of growth and aging Margvelashvili et al. 2013;Zollikofer et al. 2014). The craniomandibular morphology of the Dmanisi paleodeme has been described previously (Gabunia and Vekua 1995;Gabunia et al. 2000;Gabunia et al. 2001;Gabounia et al. 2002;Lordkipanidze et al. 2005;Lordkipanidze et al. 2006;Rightmire et al. 2006;Rightmire and Lordkipanidze 2010;Lordkipanidze et al. 2013;Margvelashvili et al. 2013). Cranial and mandibular morphological variation within the Dmanisi paleodeme is wide, but well within the range of variation seen in modern humans populations, and in populations of chimpanzee subspecies (Skinner et al. 2006;Lordkipanidze et al. 2013;Margvelashvili et al. 2013;Zollikofer et al. 2014). Variation in size, shape and dentognathic features among the Dmanisi mandibles has received special attention and has been studied to address questions of phylogeny, taxonomy, sexual dimorphism, die...

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confidence: 80%

Comparative analysis of dentognathic pathologies in the Dmanisi mandibles

Margvelashvili

Zollikofer

Lordkipanidze

et al. 2016

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…Comparing with the mainland Jomon hunter-gatherers, the Okhotsk populations had better oral health (Oxenham and Matsumura, 2008), lower frequency of linear enamel hypoplasia (Oxenham and Matsumura, 2008), greater demographic proportion of elderly individuals , and larger body height (Kudaka et al, 2013). Marine mammals provided abundant fat, which is one of the most important energy sources for northern hunter-gatherer populations (Cordain et al, 2000).…”

Section: The δmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Marine mammals provided abundant fat, which is one of the most important energy sources for northern hunter-gatherer populations (Cordain et al, 2000). Although several studies have suggested the frequent appearance of cribra orbitalia (Oxenham and Matsumura, 2008) and heavy workload in the Okhotsk culture compared with the skeletal populations of mainland Japan, the maritime dietary adaptation apparently enabled the Okhotsk people to settle in the harsh northern environment along the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk.…”

Section: The δmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of human and dog diet in the Okhotsk culture: perspectives from the Moyoro site, Japan

Tsutaya

Naito

Ishida

et al. 2014

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The Okhotsk people were sedentary hunter-gatherer-fishers who lived and prospered in Sakhalin, Hokkaido, and the Kurile Islands during the fifth-thirteenth centuries AD. They expanded rapidly along the north-eastern coast of Hokkaido where archaeological evidence suggests an increasing dependence on hunting marine mammals. In this study, we present the results of carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of 18 faunal (including two domesticated dogs) and 58 adult human skeletons excavated from the Moyoro site of the Okhotsk culture in eastern Hokkaido. Although the mean human isotope ratios did not differ between sexes, the variances of carbon isotope ratios were significantly greater in males. Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios suggest that the Moyoro humans and dogs heavily depended on marine foods for their dietary protein intake. The Bayesian mixing model suggests that humans obtained a maximum of 80-90% of their dietary protein from marine mammals, whereas domesticated dogs obtained 2-33%, 3-40%, and 5-45% of dietary protein from brackish-water fish, marine fish, and marine mammals, respectively. This suggests an avoidance of significant dietary overlap between the sympatrically living humans and dogs at the Moyoro site. Significant maritime adaptation would have enabled the subsistence of the Okhotsk people in the harsh northern environment of Hokkaido.

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“…There has been little bioarcheological research on the Okhotsk people; Kodama (1948) mentioned severe dental wear and Yamaguchi (1995) identified a wound caused by a stone arrowhead in the right hip bone of a male specimen. Recently, oral health has attracted attention (Ishida et al, 1994;Hudson, 2004;Fukumoto et al, 2007;Oxenham and Matsumura, 2008;Hoover and Matsumura, 2008). However, only vertebral compression fractures were reported with regard to the skeletal system of the Okhotsk people (Ishida et al, 1994;Ishida and Matsumura, 2000).…”

Section: People From Okhotsk Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

Degenerative changes of the spine in people from prehistoric Okhotsk culture and two ancient human groups from Kanto and Okinawa, Japan

Shimoda

Nagaoka

Moromizato

et al. 2012

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Degenerative changes of the spine in people of the Okhotsk culture were investigated in adult human skeletal remains from 38 males and 34 females. These findings were then compared with those in materials obtained from the medieval Kamakura period and early-modern peasants on Kumejima, Ryukyu Islands. The three samples clearly showed different patterns. In the Okhotsk series, the cervical spine of each sex had most osteophytes on the vertebral body, while the Kumejima samples had the highest frequency on the lumbar vertebrae. In the Kamakura series, males were most affected on the lower thoracic vertebrae. Moreover, severe osteophytes on the body of the lumbar vertebrae were more frequently seen in the Okhotsk males. Degenerative changes of the articular process of the Okhotsk series were most frequently seen in the lumbar vertebrae and least frequently seen in the cervical vertebrae. This is well contrasted with a high frequency of degenerative changes of cervical apophyseal joint in early-modern Kumejima peasants. The Kamakura series of each sex had generally low frequencies. Severe degenerative changes of apophyseal joint dominantly affected the Okhotsk series. It is inferred that different dynamic loads caused a high frequency of degenerative changes in the corresponding articular parts. For example, because the Okhotsk culture developed a considerable maritime infrastructure, the lifestyle required for sea-mammal hunting and fishing seems to have particularly affected the incidence of severe degenerative changes of the lumbar vertebrae.

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Oral and physiological paleohealth in cold adapted peoples: Northeast Asia, Hokkaido

Cited by 35 publications

References 47 publications

Comparative analysis of dentognathic pathologies in the Dmanisi mandibles

Comparative analysis of dentognathic pathologies in the Dmanisi mandibles

Carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of human and dog diet in the Okhotsk culture: perspectives from the Moyoro site, Japan

Degenerative changes of the spine in people from prehistoric Okhotsk culture and two ancient human groups from Kanto and Okinawa, Japan

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